I achieved a high A* Grade in my final A-Level exams using these notes!!!
I believe you can achieve an A* if you can memorise these notes! Simply use blurting, a method of active recall, to write everything you remember from the notes, then identify the parts you couldn’t remember, then repeat ...
gram negative: outer lipopolysaccharide layer + thin inner peptidoglycan/murein layer
alcohol: lose outer with stain – expose inner = red with counterstain safranin
Lipopolysaccharide: resistance to penicillin antibiotic & lysozyme enzyme
metabolic features
antigenic features
genetic features
Gram stain technique
- inoculating loop: transfer small bacteria sample to glass microscope slide
o pass slide through Bunsen flame: fix & kill bacteria
- add crystal violet stain (30 seconds)
o rinse excess with water
- gram’s iodine (1 minute): fix stain
purple = gram positive
- alcohol (30 seconds): decolourise – remove unbound stain & lipopolysaccharide layer (dissolve lipids)
- counterstain safranin
red = gram negative
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