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AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025(A+ GRADED VERIFIED)
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AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025(A+ GRADED VERIFIED)
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AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER - First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their
conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the
use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with
an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to
produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
,Operant Conditioning - ANSWER Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a
behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement - ANSWER Strengthening a response
Punishment - ANSWER An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - ANSWER Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they
want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER Individuals learn about the likely consequences by
observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER Observer forms a mental representation
pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences it will also happen to
them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER - Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to
find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER Children were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive
models interacting with a bobo doll
, Bandura Findings - ANSWER Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to the
doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - ANSWER Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning
Schema - ANSWER A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER They help us make sense of new information by filling
in gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based on
research evidence
Computer Model - ANSWER Computer analogy of input process storage output to represent
the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI
scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
PET - ANSWER Positron emission tomography
fMRI - ANSWER Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER - Applications in social cognition,
dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest that we
never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
Biological Approach - ANSWER Views humans as biological organisms and provides
biological explanations for all psychological functioning
Genes - ANSWER A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - ANSWER The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - ANSWER The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - ANSWER Change is genetic make-up of a population over time
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