CHAPTER 3: THREE CLAIMS, FOUR VALIDITIES: INTERROGATION TOOLS FOR CONSUMERS OF RESEARCH
MULTIPLE CHOICE
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Female Engineering Majors’ Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model.” (This hea...
1. Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?
a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire
b. Applying a new therapy technique
c. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study
d. Undergoing a brain scan
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Producer Role Is Important
OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Applying
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research?
a. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms
b. Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated
c. Attending a psychological conference
d. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Producer Role Is Important
OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Applying
3. Students who are interested in being consumers of but not producers of research might choose all of
the following professions EXCEPT:
a. An FBI agent c. A political pollster
b. A guidance counselor d. An advertising executive
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important
OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Applying
4. Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the
following relate to this requirement EXCEPT:
a. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style
b. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important
c. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs
d. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies
ANS: D DIF: Medium
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important
OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Understanding
5. Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher
and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are
important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT:
a. He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes
b. He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads
c. He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching
d. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important
, OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Applying
6. Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological
research professionally?
a. High school teachers c. Human resource managers
b. Gardeners d. Sales representatives
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important
OBJ: Learning Objective 1 MSC: Applying
7. In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________.
a. Questions c. Data
b. Answers d. Research
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Understanding
8. Another word for hypothesis is a/an ________.
a. Theory c. Prediction
b. Observation d. Outcome
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Analyzing
9. Another word for data is a/an ________.
a. Theory c. Prediction
b. Observation d. Outcome
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for
human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students
who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She
collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that
feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only
necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions.
10. Deci and Ryan’s general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an
example of which of the following?
a. A theory c. Data
b. A hypothesis d. Research
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
, 11. Susan’s prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with
their psychology class is an example of which of the following?
a. A theory c. Data
b. A hypothesis d. Research
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
12. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?
a. Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data
supported it
b. Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory
c. Recalculating her data to fit the theory
d. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
13. Susan’s hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?
a. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly.
b. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly.
c. The theory may need to be amended.
d. The theory is completely wrong.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
14. ________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.
a. Falsifiability c. Empiricism
b. Theorizing d. Application
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Remembering
15. Occam’s razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a
theory’s:
a. Parsimony c. Theorizing
b. Falsifiability d. Empiricism
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
16. Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two
components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known
as:
a. A theory c. Data
b. A hypothesis d. Research
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle
OBJ: Learning Objective 2 MSC: Applying
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