Set of 4 comprehensive essay plans for Chapter 2 Civil rights Unit 1F - In search of the American Dream: the USA, c1917-96?
titles:
How Far do you agree that there was a considerable similarity between the campaign for black civil rights and minority civil rights?
How accurate is it to say ...
How Far do you agree that there was a considerable similarity between the campaign for black civil
rights and minority civil rights?
Intro:
3 main minority groups: Native Americans, Hispanic Americans and Homosexuals
Hispanic Americans seen as most similar (arguably as they were seeking the most similar
changes from government legislation)
Campaigns had various purposes - not always on grounds of race
Key reason why, despite similarities, minority campaigns cannot be deemed
‘considerably similar’ to the campaign for black civil rights
Hispanic Americans:
Similarities:
Both dominated by pressure groups advocating for change (NAACP for black, LULAC for
Hispanic)
o Both initially tried to combat discrimination through judicial system
Brown v Board - impacts also extended to Hispanic Americans
However, LULAC primarily litigated workplace discrimination
Both used boycotts
o Grape boycott (organized by Cesar Chaves, Dolores Huerta) mirrored boycotts of black
civil rights (e.g. 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott)
o However, nature of boycott was very different
Lasted much longer (5 years vs. 381 days)
Grape strike was conducted by NFWA (National Farm Workers Association) and
AWOC (Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) whereas Montgomery was
conducted by black bus-users in general
Militancy
o Brown Berets set up 1967 in East LA – similar to Black Panthers (wore uniform,
campaigned against police brutality, led school walk-outs)
o Both campaigned against police brutality (Ten-Point Program called for an immediate
end to police brutality)
Voter registration
o Hispanic: Jose Angel Gutierrez led 'La Raza Unida' party - encouraged Hispanic people to
vote, provided them with party candidates
o Black: 1964 Freedom Summer, SNCC pushed for voter registration - 17,000 black people
registered to vote
Direct relation to black civil rights movt.
Reies Lopez Tijerina signed agreement with Black Power leaders to work together
o Although it can be argued this agreement is not evidence of similarity, it is more
convincing to say that working together indicated some level of similarity between the
two campaigns
Different Tactics:
Although MLK used media, Hispanic Americans used entertainment on much larger scale to
spread their message (e.g. set up a theatre group to educate people about their rights and
campaign)
, Native Americans:
Similarities:
American Indian Movement (AIM) created slogan of 'Red Power' - consciously adopting the
direct action techniques of 'Black Power' (sit-ins, demonstrations, occupations)
Groups worked within the system:
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) worked within system
NAACP initially worked through legal system (won every case in 1950s)
Differences:
- Large focus on land (not an aim of black civil rights movt.) due to forced relocation resulting
from Indian Removal Act of 1830
Gay Americans:
Invisibility of homosexuals made their campaign very different
- Both felt most opposition from ‘Bible Belt’ where religious fundamentalism fueled hostility,
therefore aspects of protest were targeted to the South
Both used marches
Gay Pride marches, 28th August 1970 - New York had about 10,000 marchers
Gay Liberation Front - large peaceful protests
o However, marches used by majority of protest movements, therefore not strong enough
link to provide evidence of similarity
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