PATHO EXAM 4 UNMC EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS [GRADED A+] ACTUAL EXAM 100%
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Module
Pathophysiology
Institution
Pathophysiology
PATHO EXAM 4 UNMC EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED
ANSWERS [GRADED A+] ACTUAL EXAM
100%
Strabismus - ANS---Definition: "crossed eyes" deviation of one eye from
the other when looking at an object
Incidence: can be normal in infant until 4 months, after needs evaluation
Normal A&P: e...
PATHO EXAM 4 UNMC EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED
ANSWERS [GRADED A+] ACTUAL EXAM
100%
Strabismus - ANS✔✔---Definition: "crossed eyes" deviation of one eye from
the other when looking at an object
Incidence: can be normal in infant until 4 months, after needs evaluation
Normal A&P: extraocular muscles attach eyeball to orbit and allow for
straight and rotary movement; each muscle from one eye is coordinated with
a muscle from the other eye, which produces conjugate movement, and
results in one image being produced
Patho: most commonly caused by weak or hypertonic muscle in affected eye
Manifestations: deviation of eye, diplopia (double vision)
,Treatment: early detection critical to prevent complications; may involve
exercises, glasses, patching, and surgery
Cataracts - ANS✔✔---Definition: development of opacities (cloudiness) of
the ocular lens
Incidence: some formation expected by age 70; if you live long enough you
will have them
Patho: young lens is transparent and has consistency of hardened jelly;
becomes more stiff and opaque with age; most common form is
degenerative; can occur congenitally
Manifestations: decreased visual acuity with blurred vision, increase in glare,
decrease in color perception, white light reflex (instead of red) in pupil area
Treatment: removal of lens with intraocular implant (outpatient surgery)-
takes 20 minutes for one eye (other eye repaired one month later) in kids-
less use of implants and more use of contacts/external correction
Glaucoma - ANS✔✔---Definition: increased intraocular pressure in anterior
eye above normal 13-22 mmHg of aqueous fluid
Incidence: increase between 45-60 years of age, second leading cause of
blindness
Normal A&P: aqueous humor helps to maintain pressure in eye and supply
nutrients to lens and cornea
Patho: obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor with resulting increase in
amount of fluid and pressure in eye; pressure in eye impairs blood flow to
retina with subsequent loss of acuity
, Open Angle Glaucoma - ANS✔✔---90%, chronic obstruction
Manifestations: chronic-develops slowly without obvious symptoms, loss of
peripheral vision, loss of central vision, blindness; acute-sudden severe eye
pain, nausea/vomiting, and decrease in vision
Medications: miotics that constrict pupil and increase outflow of aqueous
humor (pilocarpine); carbonic anhydrase (diamox) and B adrenergic blockers
(timoptic) that decrease production of aqueous humor without effect on
pupil; if meds don't work-surgery
Otitis Media - ANS✔✔---Definition: inflammation of middle ear
Incidence: 71% of kids had one episode before age 3; increase in premature
birth, children with Down's Syndrome, babies fed in supine position
Normal A&P: Eustachian tube is normally flat and closed; opens with
yawning and swallowing to equalize pressure; through Eustachian tube,
mucosa of middle ear is continuous with mucosa of throat, thus allowing
organisms to move in; in kids, tubes are shorter, more horizontal, more
distensible, which predisposes kids to otitis media
Suppurative Otitis Media - ANS✔✔---post upper respiratory infection (URI)
Exam: red bulging immobile tympanic membrane (TM)
Treat: antibiotics
Complications: perforation and sclerosis of TM with hearing loss and
delayed/poor speech
Manifestations: fever, fussiness, ear pain, pulls on ear, hearing loss
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