PN 112 Unit 1 Ch 1,2,6 & 7
Air trapping - correct answer-incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of
lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction -
obstructive disorders!
Alpha Thalassemia - correct answer-4 genes determine synthesis of alpha chain. Silent
carrier = 1 abnormal allele; 2 abnormal alleles = alpha thalassemia minor; 3 abnormal alleles
= Alpha Thalassemia Intermedia: chronic anemia; 4 abnormal alleles not compatible with life,
Hydrops Fetalis
Alveolar Air Equation (PAO2) - correct answer-pressure of O2 in the Alveoli at any given Pb,
represents potential for arterial oxygen.
PAO2 = (Pb-47)FIO2-(PaCO2 x 1.25),
Normal range is 80-100mmHg (can reach 675 on 100%),
anaphylactic shock - correct answer-decreased SVR due to vasodilation causing decreased
delivery of oxygen to cells and tissues: due to allergic reaction to drugs, foods, venoms,
hormones, blood products
anaphylactic shock pathophysiology - correct answer-- Antigen exposure --> body stimulated
to produce IgE antibodies specific to antigen (r/t drugs, bites, contact, blood, foods,
vaccines) --> Reexposure to antigen --> IgE binds to mast cells and basophils --> cytokines
are released -- >Anaphylactic response
Require Epi 1:1,000 IM for treatment!
Anemia - correct answer-a decrease in circulating red blood cells in the body, as reflected by
a reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBCs. Less than 14 in men and less than 12
in women.
Anemia can contribute to: - correct answer-coronary ischemia
anti-inflammatory response - correct answer-IL-10 and TGF-beta
Auto-regulation - correct answer-ability of the brain to regulate cerebral blood flow. if blood is
being lost, cerebral blood vessels will dilate to allow for more blood flow in. if increased blood
volume or hypertensive, cerebral blood vessels will constrict to limit blood flow.
Bacteremia - correct answer-presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacterial CSF - correct answer-low glucose, high protein, many mononuclear cells
Bacterial Meningitis - correct answer-inflammation of the protective membranes covering the
brain and spinal cord caused by various types of bacteria. Life threatening neurological
, emergency; patients can present in septic shock; endotoxin and inflammatory mediators
initiate a CSF inflammatory response and edema formation; see increased ICP, reduction in
cerebral perfusion and/or brain death
Beta Thalassemia - correct answer-mutations of the beta-globulin gene; no production of
beta chain, absent HgBA; common in mediterranean, african, indian, and asian ancestry.
Beta Thalassemia Major: Cooly's Anemia - correct answer-Beta Thalassemia Major;
symptomatic at 6 months; deficient beta chains = excess alpha chains; ineffective
erythropoesis; erythroid hyperplasia; extramedullary hematopoesis. Low Hgb/HCT; low MCV,
normal/elevated retic; increased RBC; need vit C/folate supplementation; avoid excess iron.
bone marrow transplant
Brain Compliance - correct answer-ability of cranial content to tolerate changes in volume.
C/Upper T spine injury - correct answer-SNS disrupted below the level of injury; decreased
SNS constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessels decreases SVR through massive
vasodilation, results in decreased organ perfusion
Cardioembolic stroke - correct answer-Ischemic stroke - Thrombus develops in heart -
atrium, ventricle, or valve - detatches and embolizes
May have multiple embolic events - affect multiple vessels
Associated w/ atrial fibrillation, Risk of conversion to Ischemic Stroke
Treatment - anticoagulants, prevent recurrent clot formation
cardiogenic shock - correct answer-A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the
tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe
complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions. Risk factors
include conditions that reduce contractility, cause pump failure, impair diastolic filling, or
cause obstruction
Cardiogenic shock pathophysiology - correct answer-- Impaired pumping ability
- Backup of blood in Heart
- Decreased stroke volume
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Decreased BP
- Compensatory mechanisms such as RAAS, catecholamine release, SNS activation lead to
fluid retention, systemic vasoconstriction and tachycardia
- *any of these may lead to Decreased tissue perfusion !!!!*
Central Herniation - correct answer-Movement of the diencephalon, midbrain, and pons
inferiorly, caused by a lesion in the cerebrum, exerting pressure on the diencephalon. This
movement stretches the branches of the basilar artery, causing brainstem ischemia and
edema. If uncorrected will see dilated pupils, loss of brainstem reflexes due to transtentorial
herniation
