Chapter 11 psychology Thursday apr 12
Like Freud Jung emphasized the - CORRECT ANSWER-Unconscious determinants
of personality.
personal unconscious - CORRECT ANSWER-same as Freud's version of
unconscious . Personal unconscious houses material that is not within one's
conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.
collective unconscious - CORRECT ANSWER-is a storehouse of latent memory
traces inherited from people's ancestral past.
archetypes - CORRECT ANSWER-are emotionally charged images and thought
forms that have universal meaning. These archetypes images and ideas show up
frequently in dreams and are often manifested in culture's use of symbols in art,
literature and religion.
Adler Developed his own approach to personality which he called - CORRECT
ANSWER-individual psychology.
Compensation - CORRECT ANSWER-involves efforts to overcome imagined or real
inferiorities by developing one's abilities.
inferiority complex - CORRECT ANSWER-exaggerated feelings of weakness and
inadequacy.
Psychodynamic theories yielded bold insights when they were first presents. -
CORRECT ANSWER-Decades of research demonstrated that : Unconscious forces
can influence behavior
Poor testability - CORRECT ANSWER-psychodynamic ideas have often been to
vague and conjectural to permit a clear scientific test.
Unrepresentative samples - CORRECT ANSWER-- Freud's theories are based on
sample of upper class, neurotic , secular repressed Viennese
women. They are not remotely reprsentative of western
culture , let alone all cultures at all times.
Overemphasis on case studies - CORRECT ANSWER-- reexamination of Freud's
own
clinical work suggests he frequently distorted his patients case
histories to make them mesh with his theory and there were
substantial disparities between Freud's writings and his actual
therapy methods. Freud's ideas were based on his patients
, recollections of their childhood experience which
contemporary memory research suggest were probably
distorted, incomplete and inaccurate.
Contradictory evidence - CORRECT ANSWER-although studies have supported
some
insights from psychodynamic theories, the weight of empirical
evidence has contradicted many of the central hypotheses.
Example- we know development is a lifelong journey and
Freud overemphasized the importance to be first five years.
The Oedipal complex is neither as universal or important as
Freud believed.
Struggles with sexuality are the root cause of most disorders.
Sexism - CORRECT ANSWER-- many critics argue that psychodynamic theories are
characterized by sexist bias against women. Freud believed
that females penis envy made them feel inferior to men.
Behaviorism (Watson) - CORRECT ANSWER-is a theoretical orientation based on
the premise that psychology should study only observable behavior. Behaviorism
has been major school of thought since 1913 when Watson argued psychology
should focus on overt behavior.
Skinner maintained environmental consequences- - CORRECT
ANSWER-reinforcement, punishment and extinction- determine people's pattern of
responding.
Bandura is one of several behaviorists who added a - CORRECT
ANSWER-cognitive factor to behaviorism since the 1960's. These theorists take
issue with Skinner's pure behaviorism and believe that humans are conscious,
thinking, feeling feelings. They argue that in neglecting the cognitive process Skinner
ignored the most distinctive and important feature of human behavior.
Observational learning occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER-an organism's
responding in influenced by the observation of others.
Model - CORRECT ANSWER-is a person whose behavior is observed by another.
Self -efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Bandura discusses how a variety of personal
factors (aspects of personality) govern behavior. The factor he emphasized most is
self efficacy.
Self-efficacy refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should
lead to expected outcomes.
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