Exam (elaborations)
Bio 245 Klesath Final
Bio 245 Klesath Final
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Bio 245 Klesath FinalCompare active and passive immunity and describe how each can be acquired naturally
and artificially. - ANS-Passive- produced by transfer of antibodies from another source -
Naturally- maternal antibodies or breast milk - Artificially- direct administration of
collected antibodies
Active- develops in response to antigen exposure- Naturally- exposure to antigens in
environment- Artificially- vaccination
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. - ANS-innate immunity=
immediate response to wide array of substances
adaptive immunity= delayed response to specific antigen with memory
Compare how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones are transported in the blood,
how they interact with the target cell receptors, and differences between their half-lives.
- ANS-Water soluble- Biogenic Amines- derived from amino acids, (TH, catecholamines,
melantonin) & Peptides/Proteins- amino acid chains, (ADH, GH, insulin, glucagon)-
activates 2nd messengers to cause a cascade of events within the cell- Shorter ½ life.
Lipid Soluble- Steroid- derivative of cholesterol(Sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone)-
carrier proteins & lipid sol. horomones synthesize mRNA- longer ½ life.
Compare intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures and explain how these pressure
differences help keep the lungs inflated. - ANS-intrapleural pressure= pressure in the
pleural cavity
intrapulmonary pressure= pressure in the alveoli
The lungs remain inflated since the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the
intrapleural pressure. Inspiration= volume of the lungs increases as pressure decreases
expiration= volume of the lungs decreases as pressure increases
Compare primary and secondary lymphatic structures and the role of each. -
ANS-primary= where immune cells mature; red bone marrow and thymus
secondary= where immune cells are housed; lymph nodes and spleen
,Compare synergistic, permissive, and antagonist hormone interactions and provide
examples of each. - ANS-Synergistic- hormones work together to preform greater effect
Permissive- 1st hormone allows action of 2nd hormone
Antagonist- one hormone causes opposite effect of another hormone
Compare the atrioventricular and semilunar heart valves. - ANS-atrioventricular valves
-has tendentious cords
-blood flows down
semilunar valves
-smaller valves
-blood flows up
-prevents back flow
Compare the cell-mediated and humoral (antibody-mediated) branches of the adaptive
immune system. - ANS-Humoral and cell-mediated Immunity are together responsible
for coping with foreign bodies like viruses and bacteria that enter a human organism
and cause various diseases.
Cell-mediated- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make cell-mediated immunity possible are known in biology as t-cells,
which mature in the thymus.
Humoral- responsible for viruses and bacteria that have not yet penetrated into the cell.
The cells that make humoral immunity possible are known as b-cells, which contain
b-lymphocytes.
Compare the function of chronotropic and inotropic agents. List positive/negative
examples for each group. - ANS-chronotropic agents
positive= NE increases caused by TH, caffeine, and cocaine
negative= stops beta receptor binding
intropic agents
positive= increased contraction strength and stroke volume
negative= decreases contraction strength and stroke volume
Compare the function of the Principal cells and Type A/B cells of the DCT and collecting
tubules/ducts.
Explain the impact of aldosterone on the principal cells including how it alters transport
proteins at the tubular cell membranes. - ANS-Principal cells reabsorb Na+, water,
calcium, and secrete K+ at varying rates.
, Type A cells secrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate in response to acidic blood to
increase blood pH.
Type B cells reabsorb H+ in reponse to basic blood to decrease blood pH.
Compare the hormones produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid and the
parathyroid gland. - ANS-Parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce Calcitonin, while the
parathyroid gland produces PTH to decrease blood calcium levels.
Compare the major groups of pathogens outlined in lecture. - ANS-bacteria=
single-celled prokaryotes that damage tissues by releasing toxins
viruses= use cells to reproduce
fungi= releases enzymes and induces inflammation
protozoans= cells lacking a cell wall that are parasites
multicellular parasites= cause disease in the nervous system
prions= fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in the nervous system
Compare the permeability of the descending and ascending nephron. -
ANS-Descending nephron is permeable to water and impermeable to salts/solutes.
Ascending nephron is impermeable to water and permeable to salts/solutes.
Compare the positive and negative selection process in T lymphocytes and explain how
these cells differentiate into either Helper T lymphocytes or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. -
ANS-Formation of T-cells in Thymus
Positive selection- recognize or bind to MHC molecule?
Negative selection- Does not bind to self antigen?
Helper T-cells lose CD8 protein and keep CD4 (MHC II), Cytotoxic T-cells lose CD4
protein and keep CD8 (MHC I).
Describe the first and second stimulation of B lymphocytes and the resulting response.;
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller modockochieng06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £6.46. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
62890 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now