AP Psychology Crash Course Key
Psychologists
Aaron Beck - ✅✅ -He is widely regarded as the father of cognitive therapy. His
pioneering theories are widely used to treat clinical depression.
Abraham Maslow - ✅✅ -He is considered the founder of the humanistic
approach to psychology. While many psychologists followed Freud in studying
mental disorders, he focuses on what constituted positive mental health. His
famous hierarchy of needs begins with basic physiological and safety needs and
then ascends to belonging and self esteem. Individuals reach Maslow's top level
of "self actualization" by realizing their full potential and achieving harmony and
understanding.
Albert Bandura - ✅✅ -He is best known for his famous "Bobo doll" experiments
illustrating the role of modeling in human behavior. Bandura contends that
observational learning is responsible for most human behavior.
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Albert Ellis - -He is renowned for developing the principles and procedures
of rational emotive therapy. He helped his clients dispute irrational beliefs and
replace them with more rational interpretations of evens. A survey of American
and Canadian psychologists ranked him as te second most influential
psychotherapist in history. (Carl Rogers was first and Freud was third)
Alfred Adler - ✅✅ -He enjoyed an influential career in bother Europe and the
US. Known as a Neo-Freudian, he pioneered the use of psychiatry in both social
work and early childhood education. He introduced such fundamental mental
health concepts as "inferiority feeling", "life style", "striving for superiority," and
"social interest." He tried to help his patients " see the power of self
determination" and command the courage" to alter their interpretation of events
and life experiences.
Alfred Binet - ✅✅ -He was a French psychologist who invented the first usable
intelligence test. He made an important distinction between a child's mental and
chronological ages.
, Alfred Kinsey - ✅✅ -He is renowned for his pioneering research on human
sexuality. Although very controversial, Kinsey's extensive research provides data
that is still used as a baseline for modern research.
B.F. Skinner - ✅✅ -He insisted that psychologists should focus on observable
behavior that could be objectively measure and verified. During his long career,
he formulated the principles of operant conditioning. A 2002 survey ranked
Skinner as the most frequently cited psychologist of all time.
Carl Jung - ✅✅ -He is best known as a neo-Freudian who developed the
concept of the collective unconsciousness. According to him, the collective
unconsciousness includes shared human experiences embodied in myths and
cultural archetypes, such as the wise grand father, the innocent child, and the
rebellious son. His study of the collective unconscious influenced psychological
thinking about humans as symbol using beings.
Carl Rogers - ✅✅ -He rejected Freud's pessimistic view of human nature.
Instead, he offered the optimistic view that people are innately good, and thus,
"positive, forward moving, constructive, realistic and trust worthy." He argued that
self concept is the cornerstone of a person's personality. People whose self
concept matches their life experiences usually have high self esteem and better
mental health. Influenced by Maslow, he believed that people are motivated to
achieve their full potential or self actualize.
Carl Wernicke - ✅✅ -He was a German neurologist and psychiatrist who
discovered that damage to an area on the left temporal lobe caused deficits in
language comprehension. Today, this area in the left hemisphere is called
Wernick's area.
Carol Gilligan - ✅✅ -She is best known for er critique of Kohlberg's theory of
moral development. In her book "In a Different Voice", she argued that the
participants in Kohlberg's basic study were all male. She contended that the
scoring method Kohlberg used tended to favor a principled way of reasoning that
was more common to boys. According to her, the moral concerns of women
focus on caring and compassion.
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