Exam (elaborations)
Unit 5_ Criminology
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- Unit 5: Criminology
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- Unit 5: Criminology
Exam of 26 pages for the course Unit 5: Criminology at Unit 5: Criminology (Unit 5_ Criminology)
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Unit 5: CriminologyFUNCTIONALISM: What type of pressure do functionalists believe exist? - correct
answer-Social pressure
FUNCTIONALISM: What is 'anomie'? - correct answer-A state of normlessness
FUNCTIONALISM: What is 'social integration'? - correct answer-Collective outrage
or condemnation which draws society together.
FUNCTIONALISM: What is 'strain'? - correct answer-The gap between a socialised
idealised goal and the individual's ability to achieve it.
FUNCTIONALISM: Which adaptations to strain do not result in crime? - correct
answer-Conformist and Ritualist
FUNCTIONALISM: Which adaptations to strain result in crime? - correct
answer-Innovator, Retreatist and Rebel
MARXISM: Specifically, why do Marxists believe capitalism is inherently criminal? -
correct answer-Because it is based on exploitation of the poor by the rich.
MARXISM: What, according to Marxist theory, explains violent crime? - correct
answer-Frustration at the inability to change the status quo.
MARXISM: Why do laws tend to provide heavier punishments for theft and other
property crime? - correct answer-Because capitalists make the laws and they are
seeking to protect their wealth.
MARXISM: What type of crime is caused by need? - correct answer-Economic crime
MARXISM: Why might economic crime rise in an economic recession? - correct
answer-Greater need
RIGHT REALISM: What link do right realists reject? - correct answer-The link
between poverty and crime
RIGHT REALISM: What according to right realists, are the 3 causes of crime in
society? - correct answer-1. Human nature (humans are selfish and greedy)
2. Poor socialisation
3. Opportunity
,RIGHT REALISM: Who wrote 'Broken Window Theory' and what does the theory
mean? - correct answer-Wilson and Kelling. If you allow an area to become run
down, it gives the message that no one cares and people can do what they want.
RIGHT REALISM: What did Wilson refer to crime as being? - correct answer-An
incivility
RIGHT REALISM: Charles Murray believed that who was responsible for crime? -
correct answer-The social underclass
LEFT REALISM: Who or what did left realists believe crime particularly impacted
upon? - correct answer-Ordinary people and the poor
LEFT REALISM: Who do left realists believe commit crime at disproportionately high
rates? - correct answer-Young black men
LEFT REALISM: What explains this disproportionate level of offending? - correct
answer-1. Relative deprivation
2. Marginalisation
3. Subculture
LEFT REALISM: What are the two forms of racism faced by young black men? -
correct answer-Canteen culture and institutionalised racism
LEFT REALISM: What particular police activity has been held as most alienating
BAME men? - correct answer-Stop and search (military policing)
POSTMODERNISM: How to postmodernists describe society? - correct
answer-Fragmented/chaotic
POSTMODERNISM: Postmodernists hold that 'identity politics' have helped fragment
society. What are 'identity politics'? - correct answer-People identifying themselves
based on specific identifiable traits (race, gender, sexuality, etc).
POSTMODERNISM: Postmodernists categorise crimes in two what? - correct
answer-Harms
POSTMODERNISM: What is a 'Harm of Repression'? - correct answer-Something
which limits human grown (mass murder, global warming, etc)
POSTMODERNISM: What is a 'Harm of Reduction'? - correct answer-Where there
has been a loss to the victim (one or few) due to the actions of another (e.g. assault,
sexual offences, theft/economic crime, underpayment of wages).
, POSTMODERNISM: What causes a culture of resentment? - correct answer-The
poor living close to the rich - the poor see what the rich have and compare it to what
they have. This can then affect their behaviour as their resentment can spill over into
action and result in 'harms'.
AGE & OFFENDING: What is the peak age range for offending? - correct answer-16
- 18
AGE & OFFENDING: What is the peak age for offending? - correct answer-17
AGE & OFFENDING: Sutherland claimed that peer group association was an agent
of what? - correct answer-Socialisation (where the values of the peer group would
replace those of the mainstream).
AGE & OFFENDING: Cohen said that young people crave independence, and turn to
peer groups to obtain it. What is the name of his theory? - correct answer-Status
Frustration
AGE & OFFENDING: What is the name of the theory put forward by Matza, where
young people move in and out of offending? - correct answer-Drift Theory
RACE & OFFENDING: What does BAME stand for? - correct answer-Black and
Minority Ethnics
RACE & OFFENDING: BAME people make up 14% of the population. What
percentage are they of the prison population? - correct answer-25%
RACE & OFFENDING: Gilroy claims there is a 'myth of black criminality'. How does
he explain this? - correct answer-That police pick on black people due to racist
stereotyping.
RACE & OFFENDING: Phillips and Bowling claim that young black men are how
many times more likely to be stopped and searched than young white men? - correct
answer-7 times
RACE & OFFENDING: Graham and Bowling found that white men were prosecuted
at a rate of 1 per 1000. What was the figure for black men? - correct answer-29 in
1000
SOCIAL CLASS & OFFENDING: Name some 'blue collar crimes' - correct
answer-Theft, robbery, drug dealing
SOCIAL CLASS & OFFENDING: How many social classes are there? Can you name
them? - correct answer-5
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