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The Impact of War & Revolution in Russia

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AQA A-level history Russia

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  • June 23, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
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THE IMPACT OF WAR & REVOLUTION

Table of Contents
The Crimean War 1853-56.................................................................................................................2
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................2
Russo-Turkish War 1877-8.................................................................................................................3
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................3
Russo-Japanese War 1904-5..............................................................................................................4
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................4
WWI 1914-8......................................................................................................................................5
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................5
1917 Revolution & Civil War 1918-22................................................................................................6
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................6
WWII 1939-45...................................................................................................................................7
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................7
Cold War 1947-91.............................................................................................................................8
31.01.2023....................................................................................................................................................8




1

, THE IMPACT OF WAR & REVOLUTION
THE CRIMEAN WAR 1853-56
31.01.2023

Causes  In mid 19th C, there was a dispute between Russia & France over Orthodox
Christian & Catholic rights & duties in the Holy Lands, part of the Ottoman
Empire.
 Russia had previously persuaded the sultan to allow special privileges to be
granted to Orthodox Christians, but France challenged this arrangement &
claimed to be the sole protectors of Christians in the Holy Lands.
 Tsar Nicholas I demanded confirmation of Russia's superior rights in the Holy
Land, but the Turks refused.
 Jul 53, Nicholas sent troops into Moldavia & Wallachia, so Turkey, France, &
GB declared war.

Key details  Sep 54 - GB & France invaded Crimea. Russia lost 6,000 troops in the Battle of
Alma b/c they used outdated weaponry.
 Oct 54 - Russian forces regrouped at the port of Sevastopol, resulting in a long
siege.
 Feb 55 - Nicholas I died of pneumonia & was succeeded by Alexander II
 Sep 55 - Russia suffered 2000-3000 casualties a day from heavy artillery fire
& were eventually forced to surrender Sevastopol. The strategic imp of the
port made it a major setback for the Russians.
 Mar 56 - Austria renewed threats to join the war & Russia eventually agreed to
peace talks based on the original 'Four Points' plan @ the Treaty of Paris.

Social impact  Pursue westernisation
o The war revealed that Russia was v underdeveloped compared to
other European powers, esp in transport & communications.
o Abolition of serfdom (1861) – it was seen as the root of this
stagnation.
 Also an attempt @ reforms ‘from above’ to counter any
attempt of reforms ‘from below’.
 The emancipation of the serfs reduced the political role of the nobility at the
local level. The formation of Zemstvas (1864) filled the gap w an elected
body.
BUT
 Zemstvas were dominated by nobility b/c there was a property qualification
was attached to voting
 When the Zemvsta tried to do anything the Tsar didn’t like, the Tsar used the
army to repress them.
 International rep undermined.

Political impact  Treaty of Paris (1856) - Russia was prohibited from maintaining a fleet in the
Black Sea and had to remove fortifications along the coastline – weakened
Russia’s position in the world.
 League of 3 Emperors (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia) in 1872 – didn’t
work
 Discontent against the Tsar b/c Russia lost the war – may have contributed to
the 1866 attempted assassination.
 Formation of Zemstvas increased ppl’s liberties & political power.

Economic impact  International rep undermined, meant countries didn’t trade w Russia as much.
 Military & industrial reforms – Russia was v far behind
o Growth of railways from 1,100km to 22,000km
o Service reduced from 25 to 15yrs, then 6 yrs, plus 9 yrs in reserve
o Officer training was modernised




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