Demography - encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths,
distribution, and population size
Organisms considered in imminent danger of extinction are called? - endangered
The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her life? -
Total Fertility Rate
These are chemicals used to kill biological pests? - pesticides
Crude Birth Rate - Number of births in a year per thousand. (Not adjusted for population
characteristics such as number of women of childbearing age.)
Total Fertility Rate - number of children born to an average woman in a population
during her life
Zero Population Growth - Occurs when births plus immigration in a population equal
deaths plus emigration. ZPG Is a rate of 2.1 children per couple, not 2.0, because some
people do not have children and some children do not survive to reproductive age.
Crude Death Rate - The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Natural Increase - crude birth rate minus crude death rate
Total growth rate - includes immigration, emigration, births and deaths.
the primary cause of most population growth in last 300 years. - Declining mortality
Family Planning - allows couples to determine the number and spacing of their children
Health - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (not just the
absence of disease or infirmity)
, Disease - an abnormal change in the body's condition that impairs physical or
psychological function
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) - combine premature deaths and loss of healthy
life resulting from illness or disability
Pathogens - disease-causing organisms. They include:-Viruses-Bacteria-Protozoans-
Parasitic worms including flukes
Antibiotics - chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Toxicology - the study of poisons and their effects on living systems.
Dangerous chemicals are divided into two broad categories: - Toxic and Other Hazards
Toxic chemicals - known poisons that damage or kill cells/tissues
Other Hazards (chemicals) - dangerous but not toxic
Ecotoxicology - deals with the interactions, transformation, fate, and effects of natural
and synthetic chemicals in the biosphere.
Allergens - substances that activate the immune system
Antigens - substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate
the production of specific antibodies
Antibodies - proteins produced by our bodies that recognize and bind to foreign cells or
chemicals
Immune System Depressants - pollutants that depress the immune system instead of
activating it.
Endocrine Disrupters - disrupt normal hormone functions
Neurotoxins - metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells; most are extremely
toxic and fast acting.
Different types of Neurotoxins - Heavy Metals, Anesthetics and Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons, and Organophosphates and Carbamates
Heavy Metals - kill nerve cells.
Anesthetics and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - disrupt nerve cell membranes
Organophosphates and Carbamates - inhibit signal transmission between nerve cells.
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