HIEU 2031
2nd battle of mantinea - ANS-When: 362 BC
What: Thebes wins against Sparta, but Epaminondas dies and Thebes falls
Sig: Opens door to Philip to take over Thebes
Aeschines - ANS-rival of Demosthenes, lived c 390-336; he was impeached in 343 by
Demosthenes, but successfully appealed. Three of his speeches survive. Aeschines
gave Against Timarchus (an ally of Demosthenes) and successfully convicted him of
immorality in 345. He convinced Athens to start a war a sacred war with Amphissa,
which culminated in war with Macedonia and defeat for Athens. He gave Against
Ctesiphon in 330, but was defeated by Demosthenes' On the Crown. Aeschines was
decidedly inferior to Demosthenes in oratory.
Agesilaus - ANS-When: 445-59
the Spartan king who campaigned successfully against the Persians in Asia Minor after
the Peloponnesian War
Alexander III (the Great) - ANS-When: 356-323
Where: Macedonia, Persia, Greece
What: Conquerer, crowned Pharaoh of Egypt, conquered Persia and Greek city states,
basically took over the world
Alexandria - ANS-City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It
became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous
Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the
classical and postclassical eras.
Autonomia - ANS-When: 4th century
Where: Greece
What: Self governance
Sig: The king's peace guarantees everyone self-governance
Babylon - ANS-One of the capitals of the Persian empire
Sig: Became the headquarters of Alexander's empire
Battle of Cnidus - ANS-A joint Athenian and Persian operation against the Spartan
naval fleet in the Corinthian War. A combined Athenian-Persian fleet, led by the former
, Greek admiral Conon, destroyed the Spartan fleet led by the inexperienced Peisander,
ending Sparta's brief bid for naval supremacy.
The battle outcome was a significant boost for the anti-Spartan coalition that resisted
Spartan hegemony in the course of the Corinthian War.
Battle of Granicus River - ANS-Alexander's first battle with the Persian Empire; he
nearly lost his life as he charged into the armies of the Persian Satraps. (334bc)
Sig: Alexander won half of Asias Minor and established Alexandria at Troy
Battle of Guagemela - ANS-When: October 331
Where: Near modern day Iraq
What: Final battle between Alexander and Darius III, Darius killed
Sig: Killing Darius stained Alexander's reputation and sowed distrust among his men
Battle of Issus - ANS-Site of a Battle that took place in 333 B.C. between forces led by
Alexander the Great and Persian King Darius III. Alexander emerged victorious when
Darius was forced to abandon his army and flee. The battle reportedly claimed about
10,000 Persian lives but only 500 Greek lives. Afterwards Alexander gained possession
of the royal treasure, which ended his financial troubles. In addition, he captured Darius'
family. This was an extremely significant victory for Alexander and made Macedonian
conquests inevitable. After Alexander's victory, Darius wrote him with an offer of
friendship, alliance, and a large amount of money in return for his family, which
Alexander rejected.
Battle of Leuctra - ANS-Decisive Theban victory over Spartan forces in 371bc. This
battle ended Spartan hegemony.
Clitus the Black - ANS-What: Macedonian officer, saved Alexander's life at Granicus but
was killed by Alexander in a bar fight
When: Died 328 BC
Sig: Alexander is brutal
Corinthian War - ANS-War that lasted from 395-387bc and was fought between Sparta
and an alliance of Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos. Persia dictated a peace to end
the war.
Darius III - ANS-king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great
Demosthenes - ANS-When: 384-322 BC
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