HIEU 201 - Final Exam
Absolutism - ANS-form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate
authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was
therefore responsible only to God.
Aristocracy - ANS-a class of hereditary nobility in medieval Europe; a warrior class who
shared a distinctive lifestyle based on the institution of knighthood, although there were
social divisions within the group based on extremes of wealth.
audiencias - ANS-advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America.
Baroque - ANS-an artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe that used
dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a
large part of the seventeenth-century ethos.
Black Death - ANS-the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid-fourteenth
century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe's population.
Bourgeoisie - ANS-inhabitants (merchants and artisans) of boroughs and burghs
(towns).
Boyars - ANS-the Russian nobility.
capitalism - ANS-beginning in the Middle Ages, an economic system in which people
invested in trade and goods to make profits.
Cartesian dualism - ANS-Descartes's principle of the separation of mind and matter
(and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from
themselves that could be investigated by reason.
Catholic Reformation - ANS-the movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the
sixteenth century. It included a revived papacy; the regeneration of old religious orders
and the founding of new ones, most notably the Jesuits; and the reaffirmation of
traditional Catholic doctrine at the Council of Trent.
chanson de geste - ANS-a form of vernacular literature in the High Middle Ages that
consisted of heroic epics focusing on the deeds of warriors.
, Chivalry - ANS-the ideal of civilized behavior that emerged among the nobility in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries under the influence of the church; a code of ethics that
knights were expected to uphold.
Christian (northern Renaissance) humanism - ANS-an intellectual movement in northern
Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in
the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early
Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.
civic humanism - ANS-an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw
Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that
humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the
service of the state.
Columbian Exchange - ANS-the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and
animals between Europe and the Americas.
commune - ANS-in medieval Europe, an association of townspeople bound together by
a sworn oath for the purpose of obtaining basic liberties from the lord of the territory in
which the town was located; also, the self-governing town after receiving its liberties.
conception - ANS-the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe.
conciliarism - ANS-a movement in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe that held
that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the
pope. It emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was
used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414--1418).
condottieri - ANS-leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold
their services to the highest bidder.
confession - ANS-one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. It provided for
the forgiveness of one's sins.
conquistadors - ANS-"conquerors." Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas,
especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century
divine-right monarchy - ANS-a monarchy based on the belief that monarchs receive
their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God.
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