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HLTA03 Foundations in Health Studies II Exam Study Guide all what you need to know University of Toronto
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HLTA03 Foundations in Health Studies II Exam Study Guide all what you need to know University of Toronto

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  • August 14, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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HLTA03 Foundations in Health Studies II Exam Study
Guide all what you need to know University of Toronto

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HLTA03 Foundations in Health Studies II Exam Study Guide all what
you need to know University of Toronto




Week 1 Canadian Health Demographics



How Healthy are Canadians?
 No universal measure to indicate health of indvls several indicators of health
 Most common is Life expectancy: average # of yrs indvl expected to live
assuming mortality rates stay consistent
 Canada has the highest life expectancy; regions of Africa have lower
life expectancy
 Many of the countries w lower life expectancy are war zones
 How do we observe the health of a population? Life expectancy, birth weight &
physical activity
Life expectancy at birth in G7 countries
 G7 is 7 of the worlds most industrialized countries
 They make up an economic partnership
 General trend that females live longer than men in these countries
Life expectancy by province
 Biggest difference in northern regions of Canada
 Why is there this variation? Does this variation matter?
Life expectancy at birth by sex & neighbourhood income
 Census level data used to look at average household income in a neighbourhood
 Men living neighbourhoods with lower income bracket have lower expectance
rate that men of a higher income bracket
Life expectancy at birth over time & by sex
 Women life expectancy is higher than men overall average life expectancy
increases
 Why is this trend consistent in the last 20 yrs.? Life style choice such as
more mindful about diet & women are more likely to seek medical attention

, when needed
Life expectancy at birth projections
 Indigenous people have significantly lower life expectancy than other Canadians

,  Inuit (more specifically men) have a remarkably lower life expectancy as they live
mostly in the northern regions
Birth weight
 Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth
 Common indicator of health status bc being born w a low weight is correlated
to short term & long- term issues
 In 2000s 5.6% of babies had a low birth weight; in 2013 that birth weight went up
to 6.3%
 Why is the average birth weight of babies in Canada going up? Mothers age could
matter as women are giving birth later on in life
Birth weight & mother’s age
 Older women & young women having babies contribute to low birth weight
 Stats show that 20-34 yrs. is best age range to have a baby
Birth weight & income
 Women in higher income neighbourhoods give birth to babies of lower birth
weight bc they wait longer to have babies due to getting their career kick-started
Growing income inequality
 Lowest decile has been relatively consistent over the years
 Highest decile has gone up
Self-rated health
 On all the major health studies in Canada we ask about self-rated health ex. on a
scale of poor to excellent how would you rate your health; scale is excellent-very
good-good-fair-poor
 Where you are in income correlates to how you rate your own health
 Those with low income rate their rate lower than those with higher incomes
 Very broad term as not getting any info on why they’re answering in such way
International comparisons of self-rated health
 Go back to G7 and see that Canada has a really high percent in comparison to
UK and Japan; because its due to a cultural question
 Should we take these values at face value or further interpret them?
Physical activity
 Most Canadians don’t meet the recommended physical activity
 Lower rates in children and youth

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