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AP Bio 13-15 Exam| Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%
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Heredity - Transmission of traits from 1 generation to the next



Variation - Comes with inherited similarity, offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and
siblings



Genetics - Scientific study of heredity and hereditary variations



Genes - Hereditary units that parents endow their offspring, segments of DNA



Gametes - Reproductive cells in plants and animals



Asexual Reproduction - 1 parent passes on all DNA, usually single celled eukaryotic cells



Clone - Genetically identical individual, produced by asexual reproduction



Sexual Reproduction - 2 parents, genetic variation -- family resemblance but not exact replicas



Life Cycle - Generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
Conception to producing offspring



Somatic Cell - Body cell, in humans they have 46 chromosomes (2 chromosomes of each type).



Karyotype - Ordered display of chromosomes, arranged in pairs -- starting with the longest



Homologous Chromosomes - A pair of chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position,
and starting pattern.

, Sex Chromosomes - X and Y Chromosomes, these determine gender



Diploid Cell - Cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)



Haploid Cell - Cells with 1 set of chromosomes (Gametes)



Autosome - The other chromosomes (44) -- 22 paired chromosomes



Fertilization - The union of gametes resulting fusion of their nuclei



Zygote - Diploid egg that results from fertilization



Meiosis - Cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes from 2 to 1 in gametes, compensates
for doubling in fertilization



Sporophyte - Multicellular diploid stage, meiosis produces 2 haploid cells (Spores)



Spores - 2 haploid cells produced with sporophyte, divide with meiosis



Gametophyte - Spores divide with mitosis, creating multicellular haploid stage (produces gametes).



Meiosis 1 - Separates homologous chromosomes. Includes Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1,
telophase 1 and cytokinesis



Meiosis 2 - Separates sister chromatids, includes Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, and
cytokinesis.



Synapsis - Process of synaptonemal complex, homologouses are lined up and physically connected like a
zipper

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