AP Biology: Macromolecules | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |
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Macromolecules - Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being
carbohydrates, lipids, prteins, and nucleic acids
Polymer - Chainlike molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent
bonds.
Monomer - Make up polymers: connected by covalent bonds.
Dehydration Synthesis - (Condensation Reaction): Covalent bonds which connect monomers have
distinct functions: One monomer provides a hydroxyle group and the other provides a hydrogen,
creating water (as a biproduct) and a bond between the monomers.
Hydrolysis - Adding water to reverse dehydration synthesis, so the polymer recieves a hydrogen atom
and a hydroxyl group
Carbohydrates - A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and
oxygen.
Monosaccharides - Simple sugars with 1 ring: Provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of
carbons
Disaccharides - Double sugars with 2 rings
Polysaccharides - Polymers, with many rings, joined by glucosidic linkages. Acts as an energy storage
macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms
Maltose - A disaccharide formed by joining the two glucose molecules: found in malt sugar
, Sucrose - A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and fructose, major form of sugars in plants: found in
table sugar
Lactose - A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. People who lack the enzyme to digest
this sugar are "intolerant"
Glucosidic Linkages - the bond that bonds polysaccharides
Starch - During photosynthesis: glucose is a biproduct that is stored in plastids and chloroplasts
Cellulose - Made up cell walls of plants, using beta rings
Glycogen - An animal polysaccharide. Human produces excess sugar, highly branched. Humans and
vertebrates store this in the liver and muscles
Chitin - Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains nitrogen-containing
appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.
Lipids - Literally no affinity for water (hydrophobic), nonpolar molecules. Have C, H and O, but not in a
2:1 ratio.
Triacylglycerols - (Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3
water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital organs, and insulation.
Glycerol - An alcohol (contains a hydroxyl group) with 3 carbons and 3 OH's
Fatty Acid - Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton; many kinds, while there is 1 type of
glycerol.
Ester Linkage - Joins 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol
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