G1 phase - The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before
DNA synthesis begins.
S phase - The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 phase - The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA
synthesis occurs.
Mitosis - part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase - Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase - Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
telophase - After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
, G0 phase - A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
cell cycle check points - control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell
G1, S, G2, M
G1 checkpoint - checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage
S checkpoint - checkpoint that determines if DNA has been replicated properly
G2 checkpoint - checks for cell size and DNA replication
M checkpoint - Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly
aligned.
MPF - mitosis promoting factor
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) - two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle
control
How MPF and cyclins and cdks interact - MPF provides a chemical signal that tells the cell to continue
past the G2 checkpoint. MPF is made up of cyclin, a protein encoded by photo-oncogenes, and a kinase
which provides energy through phosphorylation for process necessary for successful mitosis. The cyclin
breaks down after the cell passes through G2 checkpoint (if it stayed available always, cell would be
pushed through G2 checkpoint even if not ready). The kinase does not degrade and instead stays to be
reused later on.
cancer - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
6 ket mutations:
-unlimited cell growth
-ignore checkpoints
-escape apoptosis
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