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  • August 20, 2024
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AP Biology Midterm Exam Review | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+
Graded | 100% Verified


Dehydration - connecting monomers together by the removal of water



Hydrolysis - disassembling polymers by the addition of water



Disaccharides - glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose



Polysaccharides - Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)

Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)



*Lipids - hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains



Fats - consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in
hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)



Phospholipids - consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is
hydrophillic



Protein structure and organization - composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R
group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary
(helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)



Protein functions (8) - 1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6)
receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins



*Nucleic Acids - DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins



Nuclear Envelope - double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated
with pores, continuous with ER

, Chromatin - uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division



Nucleolus - nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more
of these



Rough ER - covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes



Smooth ER - metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and
poisons)



Golgi - stores, transports, and secretes cell products



Cytoskeleton - supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products



Centrosomes (2 centrioles) - only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division



Lysosomes - only in animal cells, digestive organelles



Flagella - only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility



Extracellular Matrix - only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay
information for communication between the environment and the cell



Central Vacuole - only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a
mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)



Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic - nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles;
both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids

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