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SOLUTION MANUAL & TEST BANK
Articulation and Phonology in Speech Sound Disorders: A Clinical Focus
by Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler
6th Edition
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Chapter 1 ALL CHAPTERS
Clinical Framework: ALL ANSWERS
Basic Terms and Concepts
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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When you have finished this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define communication, speech, and language.
• Define disorders of communication, speech, and language.
• Distinguish between articulation and speech sounds (phones),
phonology, and phonemes.
• Define speech sound disorder and understand its relationship to
articulation and phonological disorders.
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• Classify speech sound disorders according to specific parameters.
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter introduced the reader to several fundamental terms that are important
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when assessing and treating speech sound disorders. Introductory terms such as
communication, speech, and language were defined based on their normal processes
and what a disorder of each would entail.
Language divisions of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
provided a further delineation which could aid the reader in understanding these basic
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concepts. Speech sound form versus linguistic function were used to distinguish
between the speech sound and the phoneme. Also new to this chapter is the definition
of Speech Sound Disorders (ASHA practice portal, n.d. American Speech-Language-
Hearing Association).
Based on this definition, a differentiation between speech sound, articulation, and
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phonological disorders were presented as well as nomenclature that is widely used in clinic
and research relative to these terms.
New to this chapter are two ways that speech sound disorders can be classified. The
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first is based on subtypes and etiological factors (Shriberg et al., 2010) and the second
is a differential diagnosis system which was proposed by Dodd (1995, 2005). Both of
these systems were examined, their clinical applicability discussed.
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PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1. Review basic terms and concepts, such as communication, language, and
speech. These terms were defined according to their professional usage, for
example, as referenced by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
(n.d.), and their practical application.
2. Examine the subdivisions of language: phonology, morphology, syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics. Definitions were given as well as the application of
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these terms to the specific areas of language.
3. Define the broader term communication disorder as well as speech sound and
language disorder. These divisions will be relevant within our clinical practice.
4. Introduce the concepts of articulation and speech sounds versus phonology
and phonemes. This is a delineation which will be important in the discussion
of speech sound disorders as well as phonological disorders.
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5. Define and delineate the phoneme, allophone, phonotactics and minimal pairs as
they apply to phonology.
6. Classify speech sound disorders according to subtypes and etiological factors
(Shriberg et al., 2010) and a differential diagnosis system (Dodd, 1995, 2005).
7. Define several terms that are used in clinical and research settings to discuss
speech sounds and speech sound disorders.
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KEYWORD DEFINITIONS
Communication is any act in which information is given to or received from another
person concerning facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings (p. 1). Communication refers to
any way that we convey information from one person to another.
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Speech is the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken language (p. 1). It
is oral, verbal communication. Speech can be further divided into articulation, fluency,
and voice.
Language can be defined as a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols
that is used in various modes for thought and communication (p. 3). It is rule
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governed, includes variability and change, and can be used to communicate in many
different ways. Language is described by at least five linguistic parameters:
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Phonology is the study of the sound system of language, and includes the rules that
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govern its spoken form (p. 2). Phonology a) analyzes which sound units are within a
language, b) examines how these sounds are arranged, their systematic organization
and rule system.
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Morphology studies the structure of words; it analyzes how words are built out of
morphemes, the basic unit of morphology (p. 2).
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language (p. 2).
Syntax consists of organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order. It also
examines the organization and relationship between words, word classes, and other
sentence elements (p. 2).
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Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning and includes the meaning of words,
phrases, and sentences (p. 2).
Pragmatics is the study of language used to communicate within various situational
contexts (p. 2). Pragmatics examines language use in context.
Communication disorder is the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process,
and comprehend concepts including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems
(p. 3).
Speech disorder indicates oral, verbal communication that is so deviant from the
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norm that it is noticeable or interferes with communication (p. 3). According to the
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1993), speech disorders are
divided into articulation, fluency, and voice disorders.
Language disorder refers to impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written,
and/or other symbol systems (p. 3). A language disorder may involve one or more of
the following areas: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
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Hearing impairment results from impaired auditory sensitivity (p. 3). Individuals with
hearing impairments are typically classified as either hard of hearing or deaf.
Central auditory processing disorder result in difficulties with information processing of
auditory signals that are not related to impaired sensitivity of the auditory system.
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Articulation refers to the totality of motor processes that result in speech (p. 4). It
represents a highly complex activity in which - respiratory, phonatory, resonatory,
and articulatory mechanisms included - as many as 100 muscles may be involved. In
the articulatory mechanism alone up to 22 muscles may alter their degree of tension
many times during the utterance of a simple sentence (Hanson, 1983). The
sequencing and timing of speech muscle activity is an integral portion of articulation.
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Speech sounds represent physical sound realities; they are end products of
articulatory motor processes (p. 5).
Phones are another name for speech sounds (p. 5). They also represent physical
sound realities
Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such
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units, to establish word meanings and distinguish between them (p. 5). For example,
in General American English /p/ and /s/ are phonemes because they function to
distinguish between words such as "pat" and "sat". On the other hand, in General
American English the aspiration of stop/plosives does not have phonemic relevance.
The two words [phit] and [pit], in spite of their differences in production, do not result in
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two words with different meanings. However, aspiration versus nonaspiration of
stop/plosives is phonemically relevant in many languages. For example, in Swahili
[pɑ] is the word for "climb", however, with an aspirated [phɑ], signifies the name for
a specific type of antelope. As linguistic units, phonemes characterize how speech
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sounds function within a language to differentiate word meaning.
In everyday usage, professionals often do not distinguish between the terms speech
sound and phoneme. One could hear someone say that they transcribed a
particular phoneme, for example. However, theoretical and definitional differences
do exist; these terms represent two distinct concepts. While the technical term
speech sound stands for the physical reality of sound form, the term phoneme refers
exclusively to how these forms function within a given language as linguistic units to
differentiate between word meanings.
Allophones are variations in phoneme realizations that do not change the meaning
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