What is language? - correct answer System of communication using sounds or symbols that
enable us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? - correct answer The nature of a language affects the way
speakers of that language think
Who said, "Languages force us to attend to certain aspects of our experience by making them
grammatically obligatory. Therefore, speakers of different languages may be biased to attend
to and encode different aspects of their experiences while speaking" ? - correct answer
Boroditsky - 2001
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
What does color perception and categorization say about how English people categorization? -
correct answer Categorizes light blue and dark blue as different shades of the same color
What does color perception and categorization say about how Russian's categorization? -
correct answer Categorizes light blue and dark blue as different colors
What is a requirement for Turkish speakers? - correct answer Requires speakers to distinguish
between firsthand knowledge and hearsay (evidential past suffix)
What was the difference in source memory and making in English and Turkish speakers? -
correct answer Turkish speakers remembered hearsay less well than firsthand knowledge
English speakers showed no recognition bias
How do people perceive time? - correct answer Rely on space to organize time
What is the English perception of time and space? - correct answer Left to right
What is the Hebrew/Arabic perception of time and space? - correct answer Right to left
What is the Russian example of grammatical gender? - correct answer Personifying days of the
week in Russian
Act like Monday (masculine)
Act like Wednesday (feminine)
What is the German and Spanish example of grammatical gender? - correct answer Opposite
gender objects in Spanish and German
Bridge is feminine in German (means elegant/beautiful)
Bridge is masculine in Spanish (means strong/sturdy)
T/F: Being bilingual causes delays in language learning - correct answer False
Which requires more executive control: being bilingual or bing monolingual - correct answer
Being bilingual
What is a benefit of being bilingual ? - correct answer Protects older adults from declines
Facilitates perspective taking
What is cateogry? - correct answer Group of objects that have something in common
What is the definitional approach to categorize objects? - correct answer Based on necessary
features
Strictly rule-based
What is an example of definitional approach to categorize objects? - correct answer Window
transparent, separates indoors from outdoors, not used as exit
What is the effect of too much variation in object categorization? - correct answer Feature lists
can't capture all category members
How do we know which features to focus on? - correct answer Using categorization, such as
larger size
Using context clues
Why do categories have 'fuzzy' boundaries? - correct answer Some members are more
representative of a category than others
What is the typicality effect? - correct answer faster responses to objects high in prototypically
What is an example of the typicality effect? - correct answer Quickest for apple, then
pomegranate, then tomato when defining if it's a fruit
What questions do we ask with a definitional approach?
ex. You encounter Item X. You want to see if it's in category Y - correct answer "Does it meet
every single criterion?"
What questions do we ask with an exemplar approach?
ex. You encounter Item X. You want to see if it's in category Y - correct answer "How closely
does X resemble a Y that I've seen before?"
What questions do we ask with an prototype approach?
ex. You encounter Item X. You want to see if it's in category Y - correct answer "How closely
does X resemble the prototypical Y?"
When do we use exemplar approach? - correct answer Small categories (presidents)
Later learning (exceptions)
When do we use prototype approach? - correct answer Large categories (flowers)
Early learning (average)
What are the levels of categorization? - correct answer Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
What is the superordinate level of categorization? - correct answer Global
ex. cutlery
What is the basic level of categorization? - correct answer Natural
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