IBDP HL History Authoritarian States Notes on Nazi Germany and Mao's China
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Module
IBDP HL History - Authoritarian States
Institution
Sixth Year / 12th Grade
Provides extensive notes of Nazi Germany and Mao's China within Authoritarian States of Paper 2 of IB History. Includes emergence of authoritarian states, consolidation and maintenance of power, and aims and results of policies. Includes essay pointers and historical perspectives.
Authoritarian States Review
Germany PRC
Yes pt. 1 => Poor Economic Conditions due to the Yes pt. 1 => Defeated in Opium Wars (1939-42, 1856-60)
Economic Great Depression (1929) AND First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) + weakened by
Conditions in - Germany’s economic recovery after WW1 + Second Sino-Japanese
Emergence of factors
which Ruhr Crisis was dependent on foreign loans - forced to sign ‘unequal treaties’ giving foreign
authoritarian
authoritarian from US powers (Britain/France/Germany/US) control over
states
states emerged: - 1924-29 US loaned Germany trade/industry/commerce
NAZI $2,000,000,000 - Despite experiencing rapid population growth - but
GERMANY => - Depression - loans withdrawn agriculture grew at a slower rate
(1920-1933) - Businsses went bankrupt + banks collapsed - Harsh famines occurred frequently + majority of
+ individuals could not invest money population in poverty - By 1900 90% lived in
MAO’S - + german export market collapsed 1929-32 poverty
CHINA => value fell from $630 million pounds to $280 (^ opium + first sino)
(1927-1949) million - (second sino.) 1938 NRA flooded Yellow river
Link: Crisis created discontent, people were unhappy causing 32% of land in 20 affected countries to be
and wanted more of an extremist party (Nazi) flooded/ruined
- after losing key cities GMD printed money -
Their success can be seen through voting figures - induced hyperinflation 1937-45 prices rose by
state of economy linked to popularity of party. 600,000%
1. 1928 - 12 voting seats , during Golden Era of - led to higher taxes + borrowing from US +
Weimar Republic, implication of nationalization of banks to treat this - unpopular
Young/Dawes plan Link: Creation of discontent because of poverty and dislike
2. 1930 - 107 seats, during Great Depression, of government due to foreigner presence
fragility of republic, incapable of managing
situation loss in faith in democratic Yes pt.2 => Poor Economic Conditions during Warlord Era
government (1916-28)
3. 1932 - presidential election, won 11.3m first - Conditions varied but most peasants experienced
13.4m second (lost) exploitation + corruption + unemployment +
4. 1932 - 230 seats, peak effects of great inflation + famine - warlords also imposed heavy
depression taxes on peasants
5. 1933 jan - Hitler appointed chancellor - Long-term exploitation of peasant class made
them receptive to communism
Yes pt. 2 => High unemployment Link: many peasants were poor (and they were majority),
- 1929-1932, unemployment rose from linking on the brink of starvation - led them to find hope in
2,000,000 to 6,000,000 the communist party which advocated for Egalitarianism
- Reduced popularity of government
Link: created discontent, promised nazi party would HP. Lynch => economic suffering of peasants made it
restore germany economically through public work possible for mao to win them over
programs
HP. Lynch => Germany’s period of economic crisis Opp view => Nanjing Decade (1927-37), GMD made
was essential for Hitler’s rise to power. significant successful economic reforms
, - Financial institutions (eg. Central Bank of China) +
Opp view => Economy did recover in late 1932 new currency based on printed notes were created
- As seen through Hitler’s loss in presidential - Infrastructure (eg. roads/railways/airports)
election developed
- Other nations were also harmed by the GD However, GMD still ignored dominant peasant class,
yet avoided authoritarianism eg. US suffered quality of life in rural areas did not improve
25% unemployment and had a more stable
government Opp HP. Sih => Nanjing Decade was the ‘golden decade’
However, NSDAP still most popular party, hitler in which many economic problems were solved.
obtained enough support to be appointed chancellor
jan 1933
Opp HP. Peukert=> The republic was already headed
towards failure even before the Great Depression
(economic was not a cause)
Yes pt.1 => Society was fragmented + hostile Yes pt.1 => Division between peasants and landlords
Social division - Working class suffered the most from WW1 + - Landlords (10% of population) owned and rented
adopted stab-in-the-back myth out 70% of land to peasants
- Middel class feared rise of communist in - peasants gave up 50-80% of crop as rent.
Russia after WW1 - Hierarchy within lower class - landlords wealthy
- Conservative elite favoured monarchy over while peasants impoverished
democracy - Landlords controlled majority of land for agriculture
Link: everyone had different wants and needs, Nazi + farming - they got richer as lower class got
claimed to be working for all germans, poorer
volksgemeinschaft - 1900: 90% of population lived in poverty
Link: this harsh treatment of peasants led to resentment
Yest pt.2 => Social division encouraged political and want for equality - a change, better life.
division
- Political polarization Yest pt.2 => Division between upper and lower class
- Political ‘left’ attempts to seize power => - Upper class held on to traditions while lower class
1919 spartacist Uprising lacked culture
- Political ‘right’ attempts to seize power => - Upper class less willing to conform to changes
1923 beer hall push (happy where they were) => what communism was
- Street violence between paramilitaries trying to do - ideas of marxism, leninism and
became common socialism
- There was the KPD, Nazis, Zentrum, SDP, - During Nanjing Decade, reform was targetted
DDP, DVP, DNVP. towards cities (eg. shanghai) + infrastructure. Less
- All were sectional society, parties only prioritization on agriculture and rural education for
worked for themselves (interests of their own peasants
group) - parties could not work together = - 47% of government revenue was spent on military
divides within society or bribing warlord allies
- No party could get more than 50% - hard to
form coalitions. Nazi + DNVP + Zentrum =
, 60% => allowed to amend 1919 constitution, Link: resentment towards government (amplified), liked
enabling act, no opponents. communist as they believed in sharing wealth,
Link: political polarization and groups inability to work egalitarianism, and gender equality, etc.
together - Nazi were able to work with other groups to
achieve what others couldn’t *Communist appealed the the peasantry (which was by
1900, 80% of population), appealed to their wants and
HP. Lynch => post-war Germany was a volatile place, needs to gain their support
making the shift towards extremism more probable
HP. Selden => division between ‘the landless’ and ‘the
Opp view => There was little social resentment, elite’ was vast - these classes became polarized
promoting unity
- Hyperinflation crisis was solved through the Opp view => During Yan’an Period, CCP enacted many
introduction of the new Rentenmark harsh authoritarian policies towards peasants
- Highly popular social welfare programs - If ‘liberated villages’ did not agree to CCP
implemented (eg. 1927 unemployment demands - crops/livestock confiscated + harsh
insurance law) taxes imposed
- May 1924: NSDAP gained 2,000,000 votes - - ‘revolutionary committees’ supposed to give
May 1928: NDSDAP gained only 800,000 political representation to peasnt but they had no
votes real power - each had CCP member who could
Link: this stabilization decreased the political disagree with decisions
poalrization Link: communists did not actually appeal to the peasantry
as they harassed them
OPP HP. Carsten => during 1925-1928 prosperity
ywas restored, popularity of moderate parties Opp HP. Lynch => treatment of peasnats by CCP was
returned harsh in many easy if they did not conform
Yes pt.1 => Military defeat + armisitice (Treaty of Yes pt.1 => GMD control was weakened by the Second
Impact of war Versailles 1919) from WW1 left Germany broken Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)
- Had to pay reparations (6,600 million pounds - failed to prevent civilian atrocities from being
over 42 annual installments committed => nanjing massacre, up to 300,000
- 6.6 billion pounds kileld
- Loss 13% of territory - ‘Scored earth policy’ 1938 NRA flooded Yellow
- Lost 12% of population river causing 32% of land in 20 affected countries
- Arms limitation, army to have 100 000 men - to be flooded/ruined
something they were proud of - Behaviour of GMD troops towards local population
- Rhineland demilitarized was brutal (looting and rape were often carried out)
- Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, Polish Link: this created discontent, GMD did not handle war well
corridor and treated locals badly - CCP exploited this failure, did the
Link: this created discontent as it left germany opposite
dismantled and perceived as weak. Hitler used this
dicontent to muster anger and support. Yes pt.2 => CCP popularity was strengthened by Second
Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)
Yes pt.2 => Terms of ToV created social and political - CCP expanded into northern-areas which GMD
consequences could not defend
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