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OCR A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024 £8.68
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OCR A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024
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OCR A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 A Level History AY320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:The British Empire 1857–1965 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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  • November 10, 2024
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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y320/01 From Colonialism to Independence:
The British Empire 1857–1965
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




Turn over

, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the reasons for the failure of the
Indian rebellion of 1857. [30]


Passage A

A large number of people had thrown off British rule, even if they had not worked with the mutineers.
It is hard to say whether this was a matter of Hindi-speaking nationalism, or a return by local chiefs
to the local anarchy of the period between Moghul rule and British rule. Undoubtedly, they could see
the British as foreigners and resist them accordingly, and undoubtedly the area around the ancient
capital of Delhi had suffered from the transfer of power to Calcutta and the shift of wealth to the
coastal regions like those round Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, but the lack of unity in the resistance,
and the readiness of the rebel leaders to disagree with one another, shows how little of a common
cause they had. If this had not been the case, resistance might have been more successful, for the
British were outnumbered in most of the battles they fought. But none of the Indian troops had held
any military rank high enough to give them experience in command, and the Indian princes whom
they brought in to lead them were not much better. By May 1858, the sepoys had been defeated, and
what remained was a matter of ending local rebellions that had broken out with the ending of British
authority. The Governor-General was given the nickname of ‘Clemency’ because he did his best to
stop the rush for revenge, though his proclamations declaring forfeit the estates of semi-independent
chiefs in Oudh probably stiffened their resistance, but by the summer of 1859 the rebellion was over.

T. O. Lloyd, The British Empire 1558–1983, published in 1984.


Passage B

The mutineers were never able to transform the uprising into a war of independence. They lacked
unified command, a coherent strategy and (for the most part) Enfield rifles. They were distracted by
the sieges of Cawnpore, Lucknow and Agra. Their support was always confined to the north and even
here it was patchy. Few princes or educated people joined them. Many of their countrymen fought
against them, notably thirty thousand sepoys. They had to face formidable contingents of Sikhs,
Punjab cavalry dressed in red turbans spangled with gold, dark-blue tunics, scarlet cummerbunds,
light yellow trousers and large top boots. They were also opposed by Gurkhas, valiant Himalayan
infantry in green woollen overcoats (which they refused to discard in temperatures sometimes
over 140 degrees) and black worsted headgear. Using steam power and the electric telegraph, the
British were able to call in fresh British troops, some from abroad, others with Crimean experience.
They included Scottish highlanders, bag-piped and red-coated, bonneted, plumed and kilted, who
were variously thought to be women, eunuchs and demons with a keen appetite for ‘eating babies’.
Certainly they were a terrifying array, once complimented for holding their fire until ‘you saw the colour
of your enemy’s mustachios’.

The mutineers got no assistance from Dost Mahomed in Afghanistan, while Herbert Edwardes
recruited a North-West Frontier militia.

Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781–1997, published in 2008.

, 3

SECTION B

Answer any two questions.


2* ‘Economic factors were the most important reason for the growth of the British Empire in the
period from 1857 to 1965.’

How far do you agree? [25]


3* ‘Nationalism in India had a greater impact than nationalism in any other part of the British Empire
in the period from 1857 to 1965.’

How far do you agree? [25]


4* ‘The British Empire had a greater impact on Britain’s relationship with Europe than with the USA
in the period from 1857 to 1965.’

How far do you agree? [25]




END OF QUESTION PAPER

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