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CH 4 Making Ethical Decisions Questions and Answers Fully Solved
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CH 4 Making Ethical Decisions
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CH 4 Making Ethical DecisionsEthical commitment - answer level of dedication or desire to do what is right even in the
face of potentially harmful personal repercussions
integrity - answer the adherence to an ethical code or standard
ethical consciousness - answer you develop an ability to understand the ramifications of
choosing less ethical courses of action
ethical competency - answer involves a thoughtful consideration of ethics in each stage
of the problem-solving process
Ethics - answer the principles, norms and standards of conduct governing an individual
or group
truth-versus-loyalty dilemmas - answer when a patient discloses to a doctor that she is
likely to commit suicide, the doctor is ethically obligated to breach patient confi
dentiality, thus compromising trustworthiness or loyalty in the doctor-patient relationship
individual versus community - answerTerrorism has brought this dilemma clearly to the
forefront with governments attempting to preserve individual rights and needs while also
understanding the greater good of the community
short-term versus long-term - answerwhich involves the clash between living in the
present versus thinking about the future. Investing financially for the future, for example,
often clashes with enjoying the present
justice versus mercy - answerOn one hand, students who cheat deserve a punishment
commensurate with their behavior. On the other hand, students are human and
sometimes make bad choices and deserve our compassion to help avoid such mistakes
in the future
moral intensity - answersomething in the context or situation of how an ethical dilemma
is perceived leads people to endorse the situation as unethical. Yet the same situation
with less intensity would not lead people to see it as unethical.
six ways in which ethical issues are perceived as more or less intense - answer1.
Magnitude of Consequences
2. Social Consensus of Evil/Good
3. Probability of Harm/Benefit
4. Temporal Immediacy
, 5. Proximity
6. Concentration of Effect
Magnitude of Consequences - answerThe sum of the cost-benefi t to the object of the
action in question. For example, an action that causes the death of a human being is of
greater magnitude of consequence than an act that causes a person to suffer a minor
injury
Social Consensus of Evil/Good - answeramount of social agreement toward the
action.For example, many believe it far more unethical to bribe a customs official in
Texas than a customs official in Mexico.
Probability of Harm/Benefit - answerThe likelihood that the act in question will actually
happen and produce the predicted harm/benefit. For example, selling a gun to a known
armed robber has a greater probability of harm than selling a gun to a law-abiding
citizen
Temporal Immediacy - answerThe time between the act and the onset of the
consequences. For example, reducing the retirement benefits of current retirees has a
greater temporal immediacy than reducing the retirement benefi ts of current employees
who are between the ages of 40 and 50
Proximity - answerThe feeling of nearness (psychologically or physically) that people
have to the object of the action. For example, layoffs in your own work unit have greater
issue intensity than layoffs in another part of the company
Concentration of Effect - answerThe magnitude of the action on those involved. For
example, denying coverage to 10 people with claims of $100,000 each has a greater
concentration of effect than denying coverage to 100,000 people with claims of $10
each.
Six Steps to Making an Ethical Decision - answerStep 1: Gather the Facts
Step 2: Define the Ethical Issues
Step 3: Identify the Affected Parties, Consequences, and Obligations
Step 4: Consider Your Integrity
Step 5: Think Creatively About Actions
Step 6: Check Your Instincts
Step 2: Define the Ethical Issues - answerall perspectives have strengths and
weaknesses, which means that we cannot evaluate an ethical dilemma using one
perspective, but must subject the facts we collect to multiple perspectives in order to
more fully understand our real choices
Teleological Theories - answerdetermine the ethics of an act by looking to the probable
outcome or consequences of the decision (the ends)
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