Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Notes- Pg. 310-322
Intensified interest post-Cold War
Are they truly universal?
States rights vs. human rights
Defining human rights- Pg. 311
Individual needs and interests classically consumed under ‘larger notion of
“national interest”’
IR- “largely amounted to struggle for power between and amongst states
with little consideration being given to the implications of this for the
individuals concerned”
“Morality…factored out of the picture”
“Divorce between state policy and individual…more difficult to sustain”
“Theories were traditionally rooted in religious belief”
“Prototype for the modern idea of human rights…’natural rights’”
Grotius, Hobbes and Locke- “God-given and therefore to be part of the very
core of human nature”
Late Eighteenth Century- “Rights of Man”- later extended by feminists
US Declaration of Independence- “declared life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness to be inalienable rights.”
Later “international dimension” -set standards for international conduct
Inspired efforts to abolish slave trade
Anti-slavery society perhaps first human rights NGO
Hague and Geneva Conventions
UN Declaration of Human Rights- 1948
Major change in thought- influenced by Holocaust
300 years since Westphalia- highlights major shift from idealising
sovereignty to human rights
Important- no means resolved
Nature/Types of Human Rights
“Rights entail duties”
Universalism- belief it is possible to uncover values and principles
applicable to people of all societies
Three “generations” of rights:
Civil and political- life, liberty, property- but also freedom from
discrimination, slavery, torture, arbitrary arrest etc…
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