Summary Government and Politics A level (Edexcel) - Conservatism (core ideology)
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Political Ideologies
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Political ideas for A Level: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Nationalism, Multiculturalism, Ecologism
This is an in-depth and concise summary of this ideology, split into: human nature, society, the state and the economy. This is all you need to get the highest grade on this section of the test. All the work is done for you. Just memorise and regurgitate: it’s what got me an A*.
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Traditional conservatives One-nation conservatives New Right
Human Minimal freedom, humans are morally (rebellious), Disraeli, expanding on the idea of community and social Neo-conservatism
Nature intellectually (corrupt rationality) and psychologically structure in conservatism, included the nation as the Thatcherism saw Victorian morality being imposed
(drawn to tradition, tried and tested) imperfect ‘family’, developing idea of working-class patriotism and on the individual. She is famously misquoted for
loyalty to the national family in order to maintain order saying there is no such thing as society, but in the
Traditional family structure is needed to ensure and prevent socialist revolution. quotation, she also emphasises the importance of
authority, discipline, security, proper human the family structure.
development, and, respect for the traditions of family Disraeli put a strict emphasis on the communal social
and wider society, comprising of strict gender roles obligations and responsibility of the nation, after deep A ‘return’ to family values following the ‘permissive’
and responsibility alienation between the rich and poor classes, causing era of the 1960s, Thatcher imposing on the public
severe inequality of wealth and welfare after the industrial anti-LGBT legislation in section 28.
Burke suggested that by going against tradition and revolution and the rise of brutal capitalism. While
inherited forms of government, the true horror of inequality still exists, there is an inequality of social A strong state and authority are needed to control
human nature would be released, as he saw from the responsibility on the wealthy – a paternalistic outlook – the rebellious masses, such as how Thatcher crushed
French revolution, and so he promoted a society with NOBLESSE OBLIGE – so we do not become ‘two nations’, the race riots in Brixton, as well as Regan in the race
a deep class and social divide, for order and stability, the rich and the poor through selfish individualism riots there. Both saw disorder at the root of human
with no equality nature.
Oakeshott explains that humans are intellectually
-->Human nature is forever marred by the original sin, imperfect and we need to base things on tradition and Thatcher promoted a strong military and police
rebellious, idea of human imperfection, so we need empiricism to guide us, and human rationality is flawed – force, as we saw in the Falkland Islands, to maintain
strict authority, structure and hierarchy, Burke basing society off of the organic family structure, for social stability and order as humans are morally corrupt
prescribing a ‘natural aristocracy’ cohesion. Radicalism and utopianism bring uncertainty, so
does complete equality, social justice and rights, However, the neo-liberal branch of the new right
Thomas Hobbes – A fierce critic of change, he also revolutions bring suffering as Hobbes and Burke point out, promotes a radical view of human nature.
surmised through empirical evidence that humans only organic and pragmatic change is allowed to ‘change
needed protection and authority in order that life to conserve’ Nozick sees the individual as supreme, rejecting
was not to be “brutish and short”. In return for this strict family structure, promoting individualism and
they must accept restrictions on their freedoms, Authority over liberty atomism, self-reliance and self -interest + capitalism
under a strict social structure in society to create BUT also promoted security, for the protection of
social order property (in line with Hobbes)
Burke and Hobbes are united that human nature is Ayn Rand promoting negative freedom for full
pessimistic, can lead to disorder and must be human flourishing – positive human nature, with no
controlled – strong law and order duty to others, nor imposition of morality
A large state threatens our liberty, we need minimal
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