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Summary Week 6 MFCC 537 Social and Cultural Diversity Childhood Trauma.docx MFCC/537 Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma MFCC/537 Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma The experience of trauma has a widespread effect especially o
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Week 6 MFCC 537 Social and Cultural Diversity Childhood T MFCC/537 Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma MFCC/537 Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma The experience of trauma has a widespread effect especially on the lives of children and adolescents with Attentio...
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MFCC/537
Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma
MFCC/537
Social and Cultural Diversity: Childhood Trauma
The experience of trauma has a widespread effect especially on the lives of children and
adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Trauma may contribute to or
intensify mental illness, drug use, and physical health. Successful treatment in a fully integrated
system of care must include addressing the effects of trauma. Trauma informed care is how
counselors can address these issues and position themselves to best meet the needs of their
clients. This paper will explain social and cultural factors relevant to the child and adolescent
population with ADHD. It will outline biological, psychological, and social effects of trauma on
children and adolescents with ADHD. It will describe evidenced-based treatments, and will
conclude with a discussion on social skills interventions as strategies for promoting resilience
and wellness in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Social and Cultural Diversity Factors in Children and Adolescents with ADHD
Studies have shown associations between parental psychopathology, marital discord (Brown
et al, 2017), low socioeconomic status (Russell et al., 2013) and presence and severity of
ADHD. Research shows that belonging to a lower socioeconomic status and
a racial minority contributes to barriers to care and engagement and continuity of quality of care
(Block et al., 2019). For example, many urban or rural Hispanic families of children with
ADHD have more limited access to care (Block et al. 2019). Research indicates that families
such as these can benefit greatly from having a Spanish
Speaking care manager to be a liaison between consulting psychiatrist and primary care
physician (Shahidullah et al., 2018). Thus, moving toward an integrated care model,
, which might see the collaboration of a bilingual CM, PCP and consulting psychiatrist
(Shahidullah et al., 2018), could significantly improve client outcomes.
It will come as no surprise that poorer involvement in care results in worse clinical
outcomes, such as little to no reduction in disruptive behavior, parental distress hyperactivity,
and internalizing problems (Shahidullah et al., 2018) and co-occurrence of other disorders
(Block et al., 2019). Other disorders that could be found to occur along with ADHD or to be the
underlying cause of symptoms believed to be ADHD include oppositional defiant disorder,
behavioral disorder (usually seen in older children), depression, anxiety, or substance abuse
disorder. (Block et al., 2019). While family studies have shown a high degree of heritability
and there are several candidate genes that may be involved in ADHD, genome-wide studies
have yet to find any definitive associations. Environmental risk factors include exposures to
prenatal substances, heavy metal and chemical exposures, dietary factors, and
lifestyle/psychosocial factors (Storebo et al., 2019)
Biopsychosocial Impacts of Trauma for Youth with ADHD
The etiology of ADHD includes genetic, environmental and social factors which are not
well understood. Family and twin research have shown a high degree of heritability and no sex
differences in heritability. In addition, genetic factors may be involved in determining the
persistence of ADHD in adulthood (Storebo et al., 2019). Many children and adolescents may
have a history of maternal depression (Brown et al., 2017), they may have low self-esteem,
and low tolerance for frustration. Because of these and other ADHD related factors, they may
also be at increased risk of developing drug use disorders and other mental health problems
(Block, 2019).
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