English document with summary and notes of the book Psychology by Peter Gray and David Bjorklund, the eight edition. Short key points with the most important information. Mostly based on the lectures from Determinants of Human Behaviour, and the lectures based on the book. Full semester worth of in...
TEST BANK -- SUMMARY INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY, 8TH EDITION BY PETER O. GRAY (AUTHOR), DAVID BJORKLUND (AUTHOR)PART 1 (PB0014) -- SAMENVATTING INLEIDING TOT DE PSYCHOLOGIE, 8E EDITIE DOOR PETER O. GR...
Introduction to Psychology (Ch.1-16)
Samenvatting Psychology - Introductory Psychology and Brain & Cognition (7201702PXY)
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Evolutionary psychology
- What behaviour increased chances of survival and reproduction?
- What it the function of behaviour?
- Example: why do we show emotion expressions?
Innate
A disgust expression makes your visual field smaller -> you don’t want to perceive it.
Afraid -> bigger visual field -> see al fear/danger
Behavioural genetics
- How large is the influence of genetics (hereditary factors) on behaviour?
- Example: three identical strangers
Neuroscience
- What are the underlying neural mechanisms associated with specific behaviours?
- Example: neural mechanisms associated with gambling addiction
- Unexpected reward causes strong activation of reward system (nucleus accumbens)
- The neurotransmitter dopamine that is released strengthens the association between
environment(slot machine) and behaviour (putting money in)
Development psychology
- Change in behaviour over the course of life
- Example: development of cognitive functions
- Piaget’s (1896-1980) stages of development
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete-operational stage
Formal-operational stage
-----------------------------------------
Motivation
Drives:
- Drive = motivational state
- Directed towards an incentive
- Incentive= goal/reward/reinforcer
- Motivation (strong/weak) interacts with incentive (strong/weak)
Homeostasis:
- =Strive to Most optimal internal condition
Body temperature
Oxygen
Minerals
Water
Energy (food)
Sleep
, - Our behaviour is in accordance with the need of bodily tissued
Drives:
- Strive towards balance
- Physical shortage
- Enough is enough
- Regulatory drive (has to do with survival)
Homeostasis
- Nonregulatory drives (not needed for survival)
Safety (bas on emotion : ‘’flight fight’’)
Reproductive (sexual drive, drive to care for offspring)
Social drives (friendship, acceptance and approval)
Educational drives (play and explore)
Hub of Central Drive System: Hypothalamus
- Connected to higher brain area’s
- Connected to autonomic nervous system
- Control of release of hormones (connected to pituitary)
- Connected to limbic system
- Short term effects of eating:
Elevated blood temperature
Increased glucose in blood stream
Release of hormones : PYY (after 15 minutes)
Acts on arcuate nucleus: activate suppressing neurons and inhibit stimulating
neurons
- Long term effects of eating:
, Fat cells secrete hormone leptin
Acts on arcuate nucleus: activate suppressing neurons and inhibit stimulating
neurons
Drive: sleep
- Safety
- Body restauration
- Memory
- Dreams.. (not clear what function is )
- EG Data
- Different stages of sleep
- 6-8 hours of sleep a night (individual differences)
- Circadian rhythm (+-24 hours)
Brain mechanism of sleep:
- Rhythm generating neurons: sleep-wake rhythm
- Rhythm body temperature (decline in the evening, increase in the morning)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus:
- Controls the circadian rhythm, body temperature
Pineal gland:
- Production of melatonin
Sleep deprivation
- 6-8 hours a night
- Nonsomnia (can easily live with 5 hours of sleep)
Energetic
Positive attitude towards life
- Insomnia (cannot easily live with 5 hours of sleep)
Tired
Worries
----------------------------------
Emotion
What are emotions?
- Phenomenal experience (you have a feeling)
- Physiological pattern (bodily responses)
- Verbal + non verbal behaviour (laughing, fighting, screaming)
How universal?
- Typical expressions are distinct states of the mind, displayed early in life (babies/innate)
- The child could not have observed this > innate
1. Bodily responses (James-Lange theory, late 19thyh century)
- If something horrible happens, the first thing that happens is your visual logical responses
react. Then behaviour. And not until later you will have the feeling.
- Perception of event> physiological pattern> verbal + nonverbal expression> phenomenal
experience
- Change in facial expression alters your emotional experience (slightly)
- Substance-induced change in facial expression alters related neural activity.
2. Cognitive approach (Schachter-Singer experiment, 20 th century)
- 2 groups during experiment: informed & not informed
- Injection of epinephrine
- Events elicit emotional arousal
Undifferentiated
Unexplained
- Arousal interpreted by actor
Shaped by current situational context
- Perception of event> arousal/ physiological pattern <> cognition/context/appraisal >
phenomenal experience (emotion)
Emotions and the brain
- Amygdala (you have 2)
- Almond-shaped, bilateral in medial temporal lobe
- Processing of biological relevant stimuli
- Connections with frontal areas, motor areas, visual areas and peripheral nervous system
Removal amygdala:
- Bilateral surgical removal of the anterior parts of temporal lobes
- Lack of emotional response
- Loss of fear response
- Increase in sexual activities (also with objects)
- Increase oral tendency
LeDoux’s Dual Route Theory
- Two pathways for processing emotional stimuli
1. High (cortical) road: identifying stimulus > emotional evaluation > action
2. Low (subcortical) road: direct evolutionary shortcut via thalamus & amygdala to action
Affective blindsight: seeing/feeling emotions without being aware of it.
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