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Summary Chapter 11 Nutrients $3.20
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Summary Chapter 11 Nutrients

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This is a summary of chapter 11 Nutrients. With all of my summaries for this course I passed it with an 8!

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  • Chapter 11
  • March 26, 2021
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  • 2019/2020
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By: kallah2002 • 2 year ago

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Chapter 11 Nutrients, hormones and gene interaction
Unhealthy diet  obesity/overweight  diabetes type 2, cardiovascular diseases and
cancer

10 ways to protect yourself against cancer:
1. Be a healthy weight  nutrition
2. Be physically active  exercise – lower incidence breast and colon cancer
3. Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans  nutrition – plant-
based food
All plant-based food contain dietary fiber (voedingsvezel).
Mechanisms for fibers to inhibit colon tumorigenesis:
- Dilution and adsorption of carcinogens in intestinal lumen – dietary fibers
are able to bind the carcinogens so that they cannot interact with epithelial
cell it might protect them
- Modulation of colonic microbial metabolic activity – dietary fibers are
fermented into short chain fatty acids and they are the energy supply for
the epithelial cells in the codon so the activity increases
- Biological modification of intestinal epithelia cells

Dietary fibers also bind minerals which may inhibit carcinogenesis

4. Limit consumption of red and processed meat  nutrition
5. Limit consumption of fast food  nutrition
6. Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened drinkgs  nutrition
7. Limit alcohol consumption  nutrition
8. Breastfeed your baby if you can  nutrition
9. Do not use nutritional supplements  nutrition
10. After cancer diagnosis follow nutritional recommendations  nutrition

So, diet play a role in both causation and prevention of cancer

Food and cancer
Nutrition have direct effect on health
Food and nutrients have different effect on health

What does food do?
1. Food produce energy: carbohydrate, fats and proteins provide us
with glucose, fatty acids and amino acids which can be
metabolized to produce energy
2. Food supply precursors for biosynthetic reactions; example,
proteins provide a source of nitrogen needed for the synthesis of
the nitrogenous bases of DNA
3. Food substantiate enzyme function; vitamins and minerals provide
co-factors needed for the function of many enzymes
4. Food inhibit or delay the damaging action of ROS (free radicals):
microconstituents are present in the food we eat (broccoli, sprout,
tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants (aubergine), berries, onion, garlic, peppers and
chocolate) and act as antioxidants
What studies show:

, - Beta carotene in the form of fruit and vegetables: reduce lung cancer. So,
higher serum beta-carotene lower all-cause mortaility.
- Beta carotene supplement: increase lung cancer in smokers.
Demonstrated by the alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene cancer prevention
study (ATBC)

Nutrigenomics: dietary constituents (voedingsbestanddelen) can affect gene
expression.
Components of foods regulate gene expression
 Causative factors
o Carcinogenic contaminants: food can carry harmful factors in addition
to nutritional value
Example PAH – are in our environment come from fire, industry,
cigarette smoke or car exhaust
 Cooking meat at high temperature; burned organic material like
meat and fat from meat (BBQ)/smoked food like meat.
Heterocyclic amines are produced which lead to formation of
DNA adducts resulting in base substitutions and thus mutations
 Aflatoxin B; fungal (Schimmel) product, peanut contaminant, GC
to TA transversions and is involved in liver carcinomas
 Food preservatives (conserveringsmiddelen); sodium nitrite may
produce carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds
 Salmon is a fatty fish; accumulates pollutants and can pass
genotoxic contaminants to humans

Nitrate rich vegetables: spinach, lettuce, beetroot, endive. Bacteria can
produce nitrite from nitrate this can be dangerous. But when it saved by
cooling and store less than 2 days in the fridge it is save.

Red meat may cause intestinal cancer/lung cancer. Red meat contains
high levels of heam iron which contributes to nitrosamines forming and
carcinogenic effects.

o Dietary deficiencies: lack of particular essential nutrient may enhance
the risk of cancer
Example folate (B-vitamine). If folate is deficient it increases the risk of
colorectal cancer.
 Because low folate  low DNA methylation  increase cancer
risk
 Because low folate  inhibits dTMP synthesis  more dUMP
into DNA  DNA damage  increase cancer risk

o Obesity
 Sex hormone metabolism: In obesity there are a lot of fat cells
that contain aromatase. Aromatase place an important role in
estrogen production. Estrogen produce a carcinogenic action
 Increased adipocyte hormone (adipokines): obesity causes
chronic inflammatory response and produces tumor promoting
cytokines (adipokines) (IL-6, TNF)

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