Summary Introduction to Criminology CMY1502 - Chapters 3.1 - 3.3
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Course
CMY 1502 (CMY1502)
Institution
University Of South Africa (Unisa)
Book
Introduction to Criminology
This document is a summary of the module CMY1502 in UNISA. All the important and necessary information in the Study Guide is in this document. This document has all the topics in a different colour and Each topic has a Table of Contents to help you find certain topics more easily.
,Introduction
Crime prevention: Initiated primary responsibility – crime left with indiv. & family
✓ Initiatives developed – formulate new crime prevention models & ideas based on existing
theoretical overviews on crime & techniques focus reduction of crime.
✓ Effective crime prevention & control = NB task of state & community attempt – create safe
environm.
Đ Crime prevention
Measures taken → way of government policy & private initiative – prevent crime with
exception of CJS.
Đ Crime control
Measures taken → CJS against crime.
Đ Crime prevention models
Deliberate methods, plans, actions aimed preventing/controlling crime.
✓ Each model related programs & = based specific theories/factors played role commission of
crime/victimization, program ≠ theoretical basis also implemented. Based empirical(practical)
grounds & no theoretical basis.
✓ Connect – positions community/society: admin authorities
✓ Explanations = influenced → educational background, work experience, training(police); lead –
lack clarity on def.
✓ Lab Any act designed – reduce actual levels crime/perceived threat/fear.
Lab :
Crime prevention Portrays attempt – eliminate crime before further act (proactive approach); crime
control points – preservation /conservation of current levels /behavior, more reactive → nature.
White Paper on Safety in SA :
All act reduce, deter/prevent occurrence 1st, → altering environm. Where occur
2nd, → change conditions = thought – cause them
3rd, → provide strong deterrent form effective justice system.
Historical development
Past:
✓ Left – indiv. (victim & family)
✓ Lex talions = (eye for an eye) principle set & indiv. Actions → citizens – deter criminals & claim
retribution = acceptable response – victimization & injury.
2
, ✓ Policing concentrated cities & coordinated → military & dealt issues of central state & security.
✓ Focus on central state & security issues, general public left – help themselves.
✓ 1066 (England) prevention responsibility of male citizens, band together groups for policing each
other.
“watch & ward” idea:
✓ Men watch over city at night, identifying threats, cause watcher – raise alarm & call help. Left –
public – apprehend & punish offender. Continued – 1800s.
✓ 1700s saw appointments of English Magistrates as so-called “thief takers”, sole responsibility -
protect public.
✓ Selected from reformed offenders, offered paid service -recover stolen property & permission
granted -pay themselves for recovered property.
✓ Led – development of Metropolitan Police London 1829 with Sir Robert peel as driving force.
✓ Preventive actions performed → police, roles focused revenge & retribution – benefit of victim of
crime.
✓ Resulted mistaken belief crime prevention rests organs of state (police, courts, correctional
act).
✓ Role of community always put aside & during 1960s became more involved & regarded as
cornerstone of prevention efforts.
✓ Advantages & disadvantages – change.
Advantage:
✓ More people, including potential victims, become involved crime prevention.
Disadvantage:
✓ Costs involved providing special training – educate people recognizing criminal act & necessary
steps against person perpetrate acts.
USA took lead:
✓ 1971 NCPI (National Crime Prevention institute) established under Law Enforcement Assistance
Admin (LEAA) Department of Justice.
✓ Federal government took charge of NCPI 1986 for purpose involving communities more
effectively crime prevention.
England:
✓ Local crime prevention panels place since 1966 & Home Office Committee on Crime Prevention
established 1975.
✓ Significant changes after establishment of Home Office Prevention Centre & Research and Planning
Unit, collaboration with community 1983.
✓ France, Sweden, Denmark formalized crime prevention as community act.
Canada:
✓ Effort put – crime prevention approach “proactive social development approach”.
3
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