Case elaboration Embryology (BBS1005) Larsen's Human Embryology, ISBN: 9780323696043
9 views 1 purchase
Course
Embryology (BBS1005)
Institution
Maastricht University (UM)
Book
Larsen\'s Human Embryology
Hi there! Using these cases I received a 8,3 for the exam. However, I would still recommend to use the lectures as repetition. Good luck with the course and the exam!
,Inhoudsopgave
Case 1 Age and Reproduction ........................................................................ 3
Case 2 Getting pregnant .............................................................................. 20
Case 3 Cell differentiation ............................................................................ 31
Case 4 The cell cycle ..................................................................................... 47
Case 5 Implantation and twin development ................................................ 64
Case 6 Progeria ............................................................................................ 76
Case 7 Somitogenesis and segmentation ..................................................... 87
Case 8 Gut development ............................................................................ 105
Case 9 Limb development and apoptosis ................................................... 120
Case 10 Sex differentiation ........................................................................ 134
Case 11: Foetal development … to be finished after birth?! ...................... 149
Case 12 ....................................................................................................... 167
2
,Case 1 Age and Reproduction
Brainstorm:
Gametogenesis = the process of synthesizing gametes/germ (egg and sperm cells) →
pathway of the oocytes
Factors: Age, sex, modifications (histones etc.)
Diseases: Trisomie 21
Epigenetic patterns
DNA repair mechanisms
Mutations: frameshifting, missense, insertion, duplication, transversion, silent, deletion,
nonsense, substitutions, cross-over
Mitosis/meiosis
Structure of DNA
Epigenetics: histone modification, DNA methylation/acetylation
Problem statement:
How factors influence reproduction?
Learning goals:
1- The structure of DNA and the basics of replication
2- Physiology of gametogenesis, difference between male and female
• The effect of age on gametogenesis
3- Epigenetics and the influences on reproduction (histone modification/ DNA methylation)
• Epigenetics’ pattern?
4- Repair mechanisms of mutations
5- The process of meiosis (focus on mutations and the impact of them)
6- Find three examples for congenital diseases
3
, 1. The structure of DNA and the basics of replication
Revision of BBS1001 Case 2
The structure of DNA
A DNA molecule consists of two long antiparallel polynucleotide chains composed of four
types of nucleotide subunits
- The nucleotide subunits consist of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a
nitrogenous base
- Either the bulkier two ring purines Adenine and Guanine, or the smaller single ring
pyrimidines Cytosine and Thymine. There is complementary base pairing; A to T 2 hydrogen
bonds), G to C 3 hydrogen bonds).
- The sugar and phosphate group form the backbone of the DNA. The phosphate group on
C5 of the deoxyribose sugar and the hydroxyl group on C3 on the sugar of a different
nucleotide can form phosphodiester bonds to create the backbone
- This gives the DNA strand a polarity- one backbone will have the phosphate on C5 at the
end, and thus, be referred to as the 5' end, whilst the other will have the hydroxyl group
onC3andbethe3'end.
- The complementary base pairing gives rise to double helix 3D structure of DNA, as each
pair of
nucleotides is the same width. The helix goes through one full rotation every ten pairs
- The structure of DNA lead to the theory of semi conservative replication- as each strand
was exactly complementary to the other, they could both act as a template for a new
daughter strand.
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Myrtevdbergh. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
