2020-Med Surg Exam 2-NSG 322-BASIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Chapter 44 – Assessment of Urinary System Upper Urinary System o 2 kidneys o 2 ureters Lower Urinary System o Urinary bladder o Urethra Structures and Functions o Kidneys: o Macrostructure: ▪ Bean-shaped organs ▪ Located retroperitoneally ▪ Adrenal gland lies on top of each kidney ▪ Cushioned by fat and connective tissue ▪ Capsule is a fibrous membrane cover ▪ Hilus on the medial side • Arteries and nerves enter • Veins and ureters exit o Outer layer of the kidney is the cortex o Inner layer is the medulla ▪ Consists of a number of pyramids ▪ Apices (tops) of these pyramids are called papillae, through which urine passes to enter the calyces ▪ Minor calyces widen and merge to form major calyces, which form a funnel-shaped sac called the renal pelvis ▪ Minor and major calyces transport urine to the renal pelvis, from which it drains through the ureter to the bladder o The renal pelvis can store a small volume of urine (3 to 5 mL) o Microstructure: ▪ Nephron is functional unit • Glomerulus • Bowman’s capsule • Tubular system o Blood Supply: ▪ Renal artery arises from the aorta ▪ Divides into smaller branches ▪ Each forms an afferent arteriole ▪ Afferent arteriole divides in2020-Med Surg Exam 2-NSG 322-BASIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY-DePa