Proximal means closer to the midline
Distal means fother away
Terms of movement:
Extension back
Flexion fram
Pronation in with hand
supination out -:-
abduction:
adduction:
eversion out with the foot
inversion in -:-
elevation up with shoulders
depression down -:-
retrusion in med hakan
protrusion ut med hakan
Vertebra
Typical vertebra consist of body and vertebral arch with several (seven) processes for
muscular for attachments
Body; has costal facets
Vertebral arch: consist of pedicles and laminae posteriorly, protects spinal cord
Foramina associated with the vertebral arch
Vertebral foramina
Intervertebral foramina
Transverse foramina
Processes association with the vertebral arch
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Articular processes
Mammillary processes lumber
Accessory processeslateral and inferior to mammillary process of lumbar
Typical and Atypical vertebra (is highlighted)
7-Cervical (lordosis, secondary curvature)
Atlas C1 wides cervical, has no body and no spine, has two lateral masses
Axis C2 has smallest transverse process and characterized by the dens.
C7(Prominens) long spinous process and ends in a single tubercle (no bifid)
C3-C6 typical cervical, have short spinous process
12-Thoracic (kyphosis primary curvature)
T1, T9-T12
T2-T8
5-Lumbar (lordosis, secondary curvatures)
L5 Atypical, has the largest body
L1-L4Typical
5-Sacrum (kyphosis)
five fused sacral vertebrae
has four pairs of foramina
4-coccyx (primary curvature)
union of four coccygeal vertebrae
provides attachments for the coccygeus and levator ani muscles
kyphosis
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