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MCD I Final Exam Concept Guide Module 1- Hygiene chapter 37 Benefits of Bathing: • Bathe clients to cleanse body, stimulate circulation, provide relaxation, and enhance healing. • Bathe cl ients whose health problems have exhausted them or limited their mobility • Give a complete bath to clie...

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MCD I Final Exam Concept Guide
Module 1- Hygiene chapter 37
Benefits of Bathing:

• Bathe clients to cleanse body, stimulate circulation, provide relaxation, and enhance
healing.
• Bathe clients whose health problems have exhausted them or limited their mobility
• Give a complete bath to clients who can tolerate it and whose hygiene needs warrant it.
• Allow rest periods for clients who become tired.
• Partial baths are useful when clients cannot tolerate a complete bath, need cleaning of
odorous or uncomfortable areas, and can perform part of the bath independently.
□ Therapeutic baths are used to promote comfort and provide treatment.

Giving a Bed Bath:

Collect supplies, provide privacy, explain procedure, apply gloves.
Lock wheels on the hospital bed and adjust the height to a comfortable working
position.
Place a blanket over the client and remove gown.
Obtain warm bath water. Start by washing clients face first & allow client to perform
this if able.
Perform the bath systematically by starting with the client’s trunk and upper
extremities and continuing to the lower extremities. Keep clean area covered
with a blanket or towel.
Wash with long, firm strokes from distal to proximal and light strokes over lower
extremities for clients who have a history of deep vein thrombosis.
Apply a lotion and powder (If needed) and a clean gown.
Replace water if he becomes cool and use fresh water for perineal care.
Document skin assessment, type of bath, and the client’s response.

• FOOT CARE: prevents skin breakdown, pain, and infection. It is extremely important for clients who
have diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or immunosuppression to evaluate the feet and
prevent injury. a qualified professional must perform it.
o Inspect the feet daily, paying specific attention to the area between the toes
o Use lukewarm water, and dry the feet thoroughly
o Apply moisturizer to the feet, but avoid applying it between the toes
o Avoid over the counter products that contain alcohol or other strong chemicals
o Wear clean cotton socks daily
o Check shoes for any objects, rough seams, or edges that can cause injury
o Cut the nail straight across, and use an emery board to file nail edges
o Avoid self-treating corns or calluses
o Wear comfortable shoes that does not restrict circulation
o Contact the provider if any indications of infection or inflammation appear

, Chapter 38--- sleep and rest
• Adequate amounts of sleep and rest promote health. Too little sleep leads to an inability

,to concentrate, poor judgement, moodiness, irritability, and increased risk for accidents. Chronic
sleep loss can increase risks of obesity, depression, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, and
stroke.
Non-rapid Eye Movement (NREM): Muscles begin to relax, light sleep, etc.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM): Vivid dreaming, about 90 mins after falling asleep, reoccurring.

• Ask about sleep patterns, history, or any recent changes.

Client education: Establish a bedtime routine, exercise regularly 2 hours before bedtime, make sleep
environment comfortable, limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine at least 4 hours before bedtime, limit
fluids, and relax.
Narcolepsy: sudden attacks of sleep that are often uncontrollable. Often happens at inappropriate
times and increases the risk for injury.


Chapter 39 Nutrition and oral hygiene.
ASSESSMENT: Dietary should include: number of meals per day, fluid intake, food preferences,
amounts, food preparation, purchasing practices, access, history of indigestion, heart burn, gas,
allergies, taste, chewing, swallowing, appetite, elimination patterns, medication use, Activity levels,
religious, cultural food preferences and restrictions, nutritional screening tools.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS: Assist in advancing the diet as the provider prescribes,
Instruct clients about the appropriate diet regimen
Provide interventions to promote appetite
- Good oral hygiene
- Favorite food
- Minimal environmental odors
Educate clients about medications that can affect nutritional intake
Assist clients with feeding to promote optimal independence
Individualize menu plans according to client’s preferences
Chapter 41- pain management
Medication:

➢ Non-Opioid analgesics: Example is NSAIDS, treating mild to moderate pain.
➢ Opioid Analgesics: Treating moderate to severe pain, such as postoperative pain.
➢ Adjuvant Analgesics: Help alleviate other manifestations that aggravate pain, treating
neuropathic pain.
➢ Patient-Controlled Analgesia: Allows clients to self-administer safe doses of opioids.
Acute Pain- protective, temporary, usually self-limiting, has a direct cause and results in tissue
healing.
Chronic Pain: is NOT protective, ongoing or recurs frequently, lasting longer than 6 months and
persisting beyond tissue healing.

Nociceptive Pain- arises from damage to or inflammation of tissue. Usually throbbing, aching, and

, localized.
Neuropathic Pain- arises from abnormal or damaged pain in nerves. Includes phantom limb pain,
pain below level of spinal cord injury, and diabetic neuropathy.
a. Cutaneous pain: Arises from burning your skin like on a hot iron or from touching a
hot pan on the stove.
b. Visceral pain: Caused from deep internal disorders such as menstrual cramps, labor
pains, or gastrointestinal infections.
c. Deep Somatic pain: Originates from the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels
and bones. Examples would be fractures or sprains.
d. Radiating pain: Starts at an origin but extends to other locations. Example: pain
from a sore throat might extend to ears and head.
e. Referred pain: Occurs in an area distant from the site of origin. Example: pain from
a heart attack might be felt in the left arm or jaw.
f. Phantom pain: Pain that is perceived from an area that has been surgically or
traumatically removed. Example: pain from an amputated limb.
Unlicensed nurse can: do vitals (for stable/Non critical pt), give bath/document task, walking,
moving/ambulating pt, bedside glucose monitoring, assist a nurse with IV insertions and catheters.

Incident report: tool for improvement

Vitals: temperature 96.4 to 99.5, respiratory rate 12-20, BP 120/80, pulse oximetry (saturation) 94-100,
pulse 60-100.
Complications of Amputations?

• Hematomas, infections, necrosis, contractures, stump pain, phantom
sensation, stump edema, bone overgrowth, causalgia, etc.

Amputation Pain?: Possibility of Phantom Pain.

Vital Signs indicating Post-Surgical Pain?

➢ Elevated Heart Rate

➢ Elevated Blood Pressure

➢ Elevated Respiratory Rate (Breathing)

What are Complications of Hip Surgery? Blood clots, infection.


Chapter 43- bowel elimination
Many factors can alter bowel function. Interventions (surgery, immobility, medications, therapeutic
diets) can affect bowel elimination. stools specimen are collected both for screening and for
diagnostic tests.
Fiber requirement: 25-38 g/day.
Fluid requirement: 2 L/day for females, 3 L/day for males from fluid and food sources. Laxatives:
Soften stool
Cathartics: promote peristalsis
Diarrhea: Is a bowel pattern of frequent, loose or liquid stools. Causes include- viral or bacterial

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