100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Medical Background and Rehabilitation $15.49   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Medical Background and Rehabilitation

 4 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution
  • Book

A detailed medical background about Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. It consists of its types, etiology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, anatomic considerations. special test, surgical intervention and rehabilitation. Everything is based on updated books about the medical con...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 10  pages

  • No
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury chapter
  • June 11, 2021
  • 10
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury & Reconstruction
Medical Background


I. Other Names5

 ACL injury
 ACL tear
 ACL sprain
 Ireland calls this a “heart attack of the knee.”


II. Definition15

 An ACL injury is a tear or sprain of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
 ACL reconstructionis replacement of the torn ACL with a graft of tendon harvested from elsewhere in the knee.


III. Grading/Types/Classifications1,8,13

Injured ligaments are considered "sprains" and are graded on a severity scale.
Grade 1 Sprain  The ligament is mildly damaged. It has been slightly stretched, but is still able to help keep
the knee joint stable.

Grade 2 Sprain  A Grade 2 Sprain stretches the ligament to the point where it becomes loose. This is often
referred to as a partial tear of the ligament
Grade 3 Sprain  This type of sprain is most commonly referred to as a complete tear of the ligament. The
ligament has been split into two pieces, and the knee joint is unstable.



The severity of the ACL injury was graded using a 4-point system:

Grade 0 injury - intact ligament;

Grade 1 injury - partial tear with less than half of the ligament substance disrupted;

Grade 2 injury - partial tear with more than half of the ligament substance disrupted

Grade 3 injury - a complete tear



 Partial ACL tear included 1 or more of the following: preserved ligament continuity with abnormal signal intensity,
preserved ligament continuity with diffuse or focal thinning, or an undulating contour of the ligament with discernable
femoral and tibial attachments.

 To differentiate grade 1 and 2 injuries, marked thinning, decreased slope, or an undulating ligament contour were
considered as indicators of grade 2 injury



“O Donoghue’s unhappy triad” 1
Indicates injuries to medial structures (MCL) + ACL tear + medial meniscus injury.




IV. Etiology

, MOI for unhappy triad: Abduction, flexion and internal rotation of femur on tibia (Ab FIR) - This causes damage to
medial structures,like tibial collateral, medial capsule and if more force is applied ACL and medial meniscus may also tear.
1


9
There are three main ACL injury mechanisms: direct contact, indirect contact, and noncontact.

 Direct contact - Are sustained when a person or object strikes the knee directly.
injuries

 Indirect contact - Occur when a person or object strikes a part of the body other than the knee itself,
injuries causing excessive forces to be transferred through the knee (such as a direct blow the
thigh, translating the femur posterior in respect to the tibia), resulting in ACL failure.

 Noncontact - Sustained when a deceleration or change in direction (pivot) force are applied to the
injuries knee but often encompass an ill-timed neuromuscular firing of structures around the
knee, causing translation of the tibia on the femur, which results in ACL failure.
Noncontact mechanisms account for 60%–70% of ACL injuries.
The common mechanisms are: 5
o Planting and cutting (Changing direction rapidly): 29%.
o Straight knee landing: 28%.
o Landing with knee hyperextended: 26%.




 Car accidents 3
 Falling down stairs 3

V. Risk Factors2,3,5

 Young people, particularly those in their adolescence, tend to sustainmore ACL injuries, because they’re the most
physically active.
 Athletes who plays dynamic cutting, pivoting, jumping, and tackling sports, such as soccer, basketball, skiing and
football

 Women
Due to:
o Narrow femoral notch, (the passage at the bottom of the femur (thigh bone)
where the ACL attaches to the femur and tibia to cross the knee joint)

o wider hips (the wider pelvis, increased femoral anteversion, and the genu
valgum)

o Genu valgum

o greater foot pronation

o larger Q angle (angle of quadriceps relative to the patellar tendon insertion
through the center of the kneecap)

o females don’t carry the muscle mass or strength than males

o An increase in estrogen, can contribute to joint laxity—i.e., looser, less
stable joints—and increased flexibility, and have a negative impact on
neuromuscular coordination. Females experience a rapid surge of estrogen
just prior to ovulation, usually between days 10 and 14 of the cycle.

o Men have three times more knee bend (flexion) than women when decelerating while landing. At the same
point in time, women not only land with straighter legs, but have increased knee valgus. The study theorizes that
the imbalance in hamstrings-to-quadriceps strength is to blame. Females tend to have stronger quadriceps than
hamstrings, creating an unstable environment for the knees. The over-firing of the quads may prevent the female

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller joyceannepesigan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $15.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

80467 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you


$15.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart