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Assignment 1
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1. Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis is critical to neurological, cardiac and
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skeletal muscle function. Consider the roles of two hormones involved in the
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regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. Parathyroid hormone
increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, while calcitonin
decreases the concentration. Based on this information predict the body's response
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to restore calcium balance if a person swallowed 100 antacid tablets made of a
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calcium compound in 10 minutes. Include in your answer the definition of
homeostasis, the type of feedback loop involved and all of the components of a
feedback loop.
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Ans. Homeostasis is the condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to
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the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. It is a dynamic
condition as with changing conditions in the body, the body’s equilibrium can shift.
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The antacid swallowed will increase the calcium in the blood. Therefore, stimulating
thyroid glands to secrete calcitonin, which will allow osteoclasts to help in calcium
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resorption into the bones. This is an example of negative feedback as the body tries to
employ ways to return calcium levels to normal. The components of this negative
feedback loop involves the stimulus which is the increased calcium level in the body,
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the controlled condition which is the optimal level of calcium in the body. The receptor
in this feedback loop is the thyroid gland which releases calcitonin. The effector are the
osteoclasts which help in reabsorbing the calcium into the bones. When calcium level
have reached the optimal level, the feedback loop will cease.
This study source was downloaded by 100000828872084 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 00:36:10 GMT -05:00
, 2. Provide one important example (in the human body) of each of the following:
a. a molecule containing ionic bonds
NaCl – important molecule to maintain body’s fluid balance and also nerve
impulse transmission. It is important that this molecule have an ionic bond
because then it can break into NA+ and Cl- and seperately they are
important in nerve impulse transmission and other roles in the body as
electrolytes
b. a molecule containing covalent bonds
glucose – important molecule in the body to provide ATP (energy). The
covalent bonds in this molecules helps in sharing of electrons enabling them to attain
a stable structure and not breaking up easily which is important in this case as
glucose is an important molecule in various metabolic processes to provide ATP –
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the energy currency of the body
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c. a molecule containing hydrogen bonds
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water – H2O- important transporter of various substances in the body. The
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body is made up of 70% water and hence is a crucial substance in the body.
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It acts as a lubricant, plays a role in thermoregulation through sweating,
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homeostasis and so on. The hydrogen bonds provide stability and strength
and allows for cohesion (linking molecules together) and creates surface
tension
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What is the function of each of these three molecules you have identified in the
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human body? Explain why each of these three molecules must have its specific
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types of bonds in order to perform that molecule’s function.
3. Define mitosis and meiosis, and describe the differences between these two
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processes.
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Ans. Mitosis is the splitting of chromosomes and the distribution of 2 identical sets of
chromosomes into separate and equal nuclei. It consists of prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase. Mitosis happens in somatic cells and undergoes only ONE
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division and has no tetrads involved. It results in the formation of daughter cells which
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has diplid chromosomes that is 46 chrosomes which is same as the starting (parent) cell
Meiosis is the process that produces haploid (half of diploid = 23 chromosomes)
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gametes. It consists of 2 successive nuclear divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II.
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis (pairing) and crossing
over, the net result being 2 haploid cells that are genetically unequal and unlike the
parent cell. During meiosis II, 2 haploid cells divide to form 4 haploid cells and this is
similar to mitosis. Meiosis I involves tetrads.
This study source was downloaded by 100000828872084 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 00:36:10 GMT -05:00
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