BIO 152 Module 4 Problem Set Study Guide- Portage Learning

Module 4: Problem Set Due No due date Points 0 Questions 5 Time Limit None Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 258 minutes 0 out of 0 Score for this quiz: 0 out of 0 Submitted May 10 at 11:58pm This attempt took 258 minutes. Anatomy of the Heart and Vessels 1. T or F: The cardiovascular system is the study of the organs of the body. 2. T or F: The tough, thick sac that encloses the heart and anchors it to the diagram is the pericardium. 3. T or F: The abdominal cavity contains the heart. 4. Which layer of the heart is continuous with the blood vessels linings? 5. T or F: The left ventricle faces anteriorly, towards the sternum. 6. Describe the location of the heart to the diaphragm. 7. The two upper chambers of the heart are called . 8. The two lower chambers of the heart are called . 9. What is the purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus? 0. Label all heart chambers and valves. 1. What is the purpose of the mitral valve? 2. What is the purpose of veins? 13. True or False: Veins are primarily responsible for the vessel’s ability to control peripheral resistance. Your Answer: 1. False! The cardiovascular system includes the study of the muscular heart, blood vessels and the blood. 2. True! The tough, thick sac that encloses the heart and anchors it to the diagram is the pericardium. 3. False: The abdominal cavity does not contain the heart. The pericardial cavity contains the heart and it is located in the anterior portion of the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity. 4. The endocardium is continuous with the blood vessels linings. 5. False! The left ventricle faces posteriorly. 6. The heart is located in the chest between the lungs behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. 7. The two upper chambers of the heart are called the atria. 8. The two lower chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. 9. The purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus is to allow fetal blood to move directly from right to left atrium, bypassing the undeveloped lungs. It closes during child birth so that the lungs can receive oxygen once the baby is born. 0. Label all heart chambers and valves - septum- separates the heart into right and left chambers, atria- two upper receiving chambers, ventricles- two lower sending chambers, pulmonary valve- leaving RV into pulmonary trunk, aortic valve- leaving LV into aorta, tricuspid valve- from RA to RV, and mitral valve- LA to LV 1. What is the purpose of the mitral valve? to control blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. 2. What is the purpose of veins? Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. 13. False : Veins are not primarily responsible for the vessel’s ability to control peripheral resistance. The radius of the arterioles is the most important factor. 1. False- it is the study of the heart, blood and vessels. 2. True 3. False- pericardial cavity inside the thoracic cavity 4. Endocardium 5. False- the right ventricle faces anteriorly (closest to the sternum). 6. The diaphragm is located inferior to the heart. (The heart is located superior to the diaphragm.) 7. Atria 8. Ventricles 9. It allows fetal blood to move directly from right to left atrium, bypassing he undeveloped lungs. The fossa ovalis closes during birth so that the lungs can receive oxygen once the baby is born. 10. See figures in module. 11. The mitral valve (bicuspid) controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle. 12. Veins carry blood back to the heart. 13. False- the arterioles. Question 2 Anatomy of the Heart and Vessels 0 / 0 pts 14. How does the contraction and relaxation of the arterioles help to control blood pressure? 15. What does compliance mean? 16. What are the three layers of a vessel? 17. True or false: Only arteries contain a tunica media. 18. Capillaries are interconnected to form . 19. Label all the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart. It is equired for you to recognize the orientation of the heart in the picture. For example, what is the artery highlighted in blue in the figure below? 20. The aortic arch becomes the as it moves inferiorly. 21. What are the three branches off the aortic arch? 22. Label all major branches to/from the heart. 23. What is unique about the Circle of Willis? 24. Know general location of Circle of Willis in relation to its position in the brain. 25. Label all vessels of the Circle of Willis circulation. For example, what vessel is highlighted in blue below? Your Answer: 14. How does the contraction and relaxation of the arterioles help to control blood pressure? The contraction of arterioles increase blood pressure through decreasing the available volume. Relaxation of the arterioles decreases blood pressure as the blood volume increases. 15. Compliance means stretch with little recoil, referring to veins. 16. What are the three layers of a vessel? -tunica externa- superficial; anchors the BV to surrounding structures. -tunica media (three layers)- external elastic membrane, middle smooth muscle, inner elastic membrane - tunica intima- subendothelial tissue (thin CT), endothelium- lines the lumen (single layer of cells) -lumen- the most internal part of the vessel where blood exists and flows. 17. True. Only arteries contain a tunica media. 18. Capillaries are interconnected to form capillary beds 19. Label all the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart. It is required for you to recognize the orientation of the heart in the picture. For example, what is the artery highlighted in blue in the figure below? Left Coronary Artery. 20. The aortic arch becomes the descending aorta as it moves inferiorly. 21. What are the three branches off the aortic arch are the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. 22. Label all major branches to/from the heart. -brachocephalic trunk- 1st branch off aortic arch, supplies blood to right arm and neck -left and right brachiocephalic veins -left common carotid- second branch off aortic arch -right common carotid- branch off of brachiocephalic trunk, j -left subclavian artery - 3rd branch off of aortic arch, supplies blood to left arm -left subclavian vein -right subclavian artery- branch off of brachiocephalic -right subclavian vein -superior and inferior vena cava 23. What is unique about the Circle of Willis? It provides the brain with an alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked. The alternate circulation is important because neurons must be continuously supplied with oxygen or they will die within minutes. 24. Know general location of Circle of Willis in relation to its position in the brain. Arises from the spinal cord and is on the underside of the brain. 25. Label all vessels of the Circle of Willis circulation. For example, what vessel is highlighted in blue below? Internal carotid 14. Contracting the arterioles increases the blood pressure through decreasing the available volume. Relaxation of the arterioles decreases blood pressure as the volume increases. 15. Stretch with little recoil. 16. Tunica externa (superficial), tunica media, tunica intima (closest to the lumen) 17. False- all vessels contain three layers but in differing proportions. 18. Capillary beds 19. Left coronary artery 20. descending aorta 21. Brachiocephalic trunk (right), left common carotid, left subclavian 22. See figure in module 23. The Circle of Willis has a unique feature of providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked. 24. See figure in module (4.10) 25. Internal carotid (left) 28. How is serum made? 29. True or false: Osmotic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues. 30. What is the average pH of blood? 31. What is the shape of red blood cells? 32. What is the purpose of hemoglobin? 33. What is average life span of a red blood cell? 34. True or False: Once it dies, all portions of the red blood cell is destroyed and excreted. 35. True or False: White blood cells are smaller than red blood cells. 36. What are the contents of pus? 37. What are the three main types of white blood cells? 38. What are platelets? 39. What is the coagulation cascade? 40. What converts prothrombin to thrombin? 41. What is the purpose of fibrin? 42. What is plasmin? 43. Identify histological pictures of blood cells in the module. Your Answer: 26. False! Blood is classified as a connective tissue. 27. What is the cell portion of blood called? formed elements 28. How is serum made? Serum is made by removing the clotting proteins. It is accomplished by letting blood sit in a tube until it clots and then centrifuging the sample to separate the solid and liquid portions of the blood. 29. True, Osmotic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues. 30. What is the average pH of blood? 7.4 31. What is the shape of red blood cells? biconcave disks 32. What is the purpose of hemoglobin? Contains iron that combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood. 33. What is average life span of a red blood cell? The average life span of a RBC is 120 days. 34. False: Once it dies, all portions of the red blood cell is destroyed and excreted. Once the RBC dies the hemoglobin is released so that the iron can be recycled and returned to the red bone marrow for reuse. The heme portions of the molecules undergo chemical degradation and are excreted by the liver as bile pigments. 35. False: White blood cells are smaller than red blood cells. White blood cells are larger than RBCs. 36. What are the contents of pus? Pus contains a large proportion of dead white blood cells that have fought the infection and then undergo cell death. 37. What are the three main types of white blood cells? -granulocytes (have granules in cytoplasm) -agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm) -lymphocytes( include t and b cells) 38. What are platelets? Platelets or thrombocytes, are involved in the process of blood clotting or coagulation. They are fragments of large bone marrow predecessor called megakaryocytes. When the blood vessel is broken, platelets help stop bleeding by sticking to the edges of the wound and being to clot the opening. 39. What is the coagulation cascade? A series of events to start the blood clotting mechanism. 40. What converts prothrombin to thrombin? Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin. 41. What is the purpose of fibrin? Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the BV and provide the framework for the clot. 42. What is plasmin? Plasmin destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of plasma. 43. Identify histological pictures of blood cells in the module. 26. False- connective tissue 27. Formed elements 28. Letting blood sit in a tube until it clots and then centrifuging the sample to separate the solid and liquid portions of the blood. 29. False-pushes fluid into the circulatory system 30. 7.4 31. Biconcave disks 32. To carry oxygen, which loosely combines with iron inside the hemoglobin 33. 120 days 34. False- the iron can be recycled and returned to the red bone marrow. 35. False 36. The thick, yellowish fluid called pus contains a large proportion of dead white blood cells that have fought the infection and then undergo cell death. 37. Granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes. 38. Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation. Platelets are not true “cells”, but instead are fragments of a large bone marrow predecessor called a megakaryocyte. 39. A series of events to start the blood clotting mechanism 40. Prothrombin activator 41. Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot. 42. As soon as blood vessel repair is initiated, an enzyme called plasmin destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of plasma. 43. See pictures within module. 44. What are the pulmonary and system circuits? 45. What are the inferior and superior vena cavae? 46. The are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart. 47. The pulmonary veins return blood to the . 48. Trace the step by step blood flow through the heart by drawing your own diagram. Make any notes here: 49. Diastole refers to . 50. Systole refers to . 51. True or False: each heartbeat typically lasts longer than 2 seconds. 52. True of False: The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles. 53. True or False: The heart sounds are of the valves opening. 54. How does the nervous system and endocrine system interact with the heart? 55. Label the parts of a sphygmomanometer. 56. What is the purpose of the blub? 57. What is the purpose of valves inside the veins? 58. What portion is the pacemaker of the heart? 59. Following the bundle of His, where does the electrical impulse travel next? 60. The impulse of the SA node causes contraction of the . 61. What is an EKG? 62. What is the P-wave? Your Answer: 44. What are the pulmonary and system circuits? -the pulmonary circuit is the right side of the blood flow through the heart. It sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. -The systemic circuit is the left side of the blood flow through the heart. It sends oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body. 45. What are the inferior and superior vena cavae? -The inferior and superior vena cavae are two large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. 46. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart. 47. The pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium . 48. Trace the step by step blood flow through the heart by drawing your own diagram. Make any notes here: deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the inferior and superior vena cavae >> into the RA >> through the tricuspid valve>> RV>> pulmonary valve >> pulmonary arteries>> carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart>> capillary bed of lungs >>>> oxygenated blood>> pulmonary veins>> RA>> bicuspid valve>> LV>> aortic valve>> aorta>> aortic arch turn posteriorly>> carrying oxygenated blood supply to cells of the body>> deoxygenated blood is then returned to RA via the vena cavae. 49. Diastole refers to relaxation of the chambers . 50. Systole refers to contraction of the heart chambers . 51. False: each heartbeat typically lasts longer than 2 seconds. 52. False: Atria contraction time is about .15 seconds and the ventricle contraction is about .30 53. False: The heart sounds are of the valves opening. The heart sounds are of the valves closing. 54. How does the nervous system and endocrine system interact with the heart? The sympathetic NS releases the hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate. The PNS releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate. 55. Label the parts of a sphygmomanometer. bulb- portion that is sqeezed to inflate the bladder with hair bladder- the part that inflates cuff- holds the bladder in place over the artery manometer- displays the pressure in millimeters of mercury. valve- slowly releases the pressure inside the bladder when turned stethoscope- used to listen to the first and last sounds of two numbers which represents systolic and diastolic pressures 56. What is the purpose of the blub? The bulb is used to inflate the bladder with air. 57. What is the purpose of valves inside the veins? the valves inside of veins prevents the back flow of blood. 58. What portion is the pacemaker of the heart? The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. 59. Following the bundle of His, where does the electrical impulse travel next? 60. The impulse of the SA node causes contraction of the Atrioventricular node . 61. What is an EKG? electrocardiogram is a device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart. 62. What is the P-wave? atrial depolarization (active firing of a nerve impulse) and atrial systole are denoted as the P-wave. 44. The right circuit is called the pulmonary circuit, sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left circuit is called the systemic circuit, sending the oxygenated blood to the cells. 45. They return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium 46. pulmonary arteries 47. Left atrium 48. See figure in module. 49. Relaxation 50. Contraction 51. False (less than 1). 52. False 53. False 54. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system which can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat and blood pressure. 55. See figure in module. 56. The bulb portion is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air. 57. Prevents the backward flow of blood. 58. SA node 59. Purkinje fibers 60. Atria 61. A device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart 62. Atrial depolarization and atrial systole Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 63. What is edema? 64. What is pulmonary edema? 65. Hypertension is blood pressure significantly higher than: 66. What is atherosclerosis? 67. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? 68. PE is an abbreviation for: 69. What is the medial term for a heart attack? 70. What is angina pectoris? 71. Name at least one other heart attack symptom: 72. Streptokinase is a drug given to . 73. Name two surgical procedures available to clear clogged arteries. Your Answer: 63. What is edema? Fluid accumulation 64. What is pulmonary edema? backup of fluid in the lungs, or congestive heart failure. 65. Hypertension is blood pressure significantly higher than: a condition when the systolic and diastolic pressures are significantly higher than 120/80 mm Hg. 66. What is atherosclerosis? an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, often cholesterol, inside arteries. these deposits are called plaque, accumulate beneath the inner linings of arteries. as it builds up it protrudes into the vessel interfering with normal blood flow 67. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? A stationary clot is called a thrombus. When a blood clot dislodges and moves along with the blood its called embolus. 68. PE is an abbreviation for: Pulmonary thromboembolism 69. What is the medial term for a heart attack? myocardial infarction 70. What is angina pectoris? chest pain, characterized by a radiating pain in the left arm. 71. Name at least one other heart attack symptom: skin: cold sweat 72. Streptokinase is a drug given to dissolve a clot . 73. Name two surgical procedures available to clear clogged arteries. angioplasty- is a procedure where the surgeon threads a plastic tube into the artery of an arm or a leg. coronary artery bypass surgery 63. Fluid accumulation 64. Fluid in the lungs 65. 120/80 66. Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials inside the arteries. 67. A stationary blood clot is called a thrombus. If a blood clot dislodges and moves along with blood it is called an embolus. 68. Embolism 69. Myocardial infarction 70. Chest pain (in a heart attack, pain often radiates down the left arm) 71. See figure in module: shortness of breath, upset stomach, extreme fatigue, pain or pressure in the chest 72. Dissolve a blood clot 73. Angioplasty, coronary artery bypass Quiz Score: 0 out of 0