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HistoryTuesday, 4 May 2021 11:05
Agenda
• Early Britain
• The Middle Ages
• The Tudors and Stuarts
• A global power
• The 20th century
• Britain since 1945
1) Early Britain
Stone Age: connected to continent by land bridge >>> separation by the Channel
happened 10,000yrs ago
6,000 years ago: The first farmers arrived in Britain (ancestors probably from SE
Europe)
>> These people built houses, tombs and monuments on the land. Examples of Stone
Age monuments still standing:
1) Stonehenge (World Heritage Site): is now the English county of Wiltshire.
2) Skara Brae on Orkney, off the north coast of Scotland: the best preserved
prehistoric village in northern Europe >> and has helped archaeologists to
understand more about how people lived near the end of the Stone Age
4,000 years ago: Bronze Age, people learned to make bronze.
>> People lived in roundhouses and buried their dead in tombs called round barrows.
>>> people were accomplished metalworkers who made many beautiful objects in
bronze and gold, including tools, ornaments and weapons.
Afterwards came Iron Age, when people learned how to make weapons and tools out
of iron.
>> People still lived in roundhouses, grouped together into larger settlements, and
sometimes defended sites called hill forts.
1) Maiden Castle, in the English county of Dorset, is an example of hill fort.
>> people were mostly farmers, craft workers or warriors.
,of iron.
>> People still lived in roundhouses, grouped together into larger settlements, and
sometimes defended sites called hill forts.
1) Maiden Castle, in the English county of Dorset, is an example of hill fort.
>> people were mostly farmers, craft workers or warriors.
>> language: part of the Celtic language family. Similar languages were spoken across
Europe in the Iron Age, and related languages are still spoken today in some parts of
Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
>> sophisticated culture and economy: they made the first coins to be minted in
Britain, some inscribed with the names of Iron Age kings. This marks the beginnings of
British history.
2) The Romans
55 BC: Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain.
This was unsuccessful and for nearly 100 years Britain remained separate from the
Roman Empire.
AD 43 the Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion>> a part of
resistance from some of the British tribes but the Romans were successful in
occupying almost all of Britain.
>>> One of the tribal leaders who fought against the Romans was Boudicca, the
queen of the Iceni in what is now eastern England
1) there is a statue of her on Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of
Parliament.
Emperor Hadrian built the Adrian wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts
(ancestors of the Scottish people) as some areas of what is now Scotland were never
conquered by the Romans. Walls included some key forts
1) the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda, can still be seen.
>> UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World
Heritage Site.
The Romans remained in Britain for 400 years. They built roads and public buildings,
created a structure of law, and introduced new plants and animals.
During the 3rd and 4th centuries AD that the first Christian communities began to
appear in Britain.
3) The Anglo-Saxons
AD 410: The Roman army left Britain to defend other parts of the Roman Empire and
never returned.
Britain was again invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and
,AD 410: The Roman army left Britain to defend other parts of the Roman Empire and
never returned.
Britain was again invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and
the Saxons, various battles went on over the years
>> The languages they spoke are the basis of modern-day English.
By about AD 600, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain::: these
kingdoms were mainly in what is now England.
1) The burial place of one of the kings was at Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk. This
king was buried with treasure and armour, all placed in a ship which was then
covered by a mound of earth.
Parts of the west of Britain, including much of what is now Wales, and Scotland,
remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule.
>> RELIGION: The Anglo-Saxons were not Christians when they first came to Britain
but, during this period, missionaries came to Britain to preach about Christianity.
Missionaries from Ireland spread the religion in the north. The most famous of these
were St Patrick, who would become the patron saint of Ireland, and St Columba, who
founded a monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland. St
Augustine led missionaries from Rome, who spread Christianity in the south. St
Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
4) The Vikings
AD 789: The Vikings came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They first visited
Britain in AD 789 to raid coastal towns and take away goods and slaves.
Then, they began to stay and form their own communities in the east of England and
Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England united under King Alfred the Great,
who defeated the Vikings. Many of the Viking invaders stayed in Britain – especially in
the east and north of England, in an area known as the Danelaw (many place names
there, such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe, come from the Viking languages).
>> RELIGION: The Viking settlers mixed with local communities and some converted
to Christianity.
>> KINGS: Anglo-Saxon kings continued to rule what is now England, except for a
short period when there were Danish kings. The first of these was Cnut, also called
Canute.
In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings had encouraged the people to unite
under one king, Kenneth MacAlpin. The term Scotland began to be used to describe
that country.
, Canute.
In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings had encouraged the people to unite
under one king, Kenneth MacAlpin. The term Scotland began to be used to describe
that country.
5) The Norman Conquest
In 1066, an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy (in what is now northern
France), defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England, at the Battle of Hastings. Harold
was killed in the battle. William became king of England and is known as William the
Conqueror. The battle is commemorated in a great piece of embroidery, known as
the Bayeux Tapestry, which can still be seen in France today.
>> LANGUAGE: The Norman Conquest was the last successful foreign invasion of
England and led to many changes in government and social structures in England.
Norman French, the language of the new ruling class, influenced the development of
the English language as we know it today.
Initially the Normans also conquered Wales, but the Welsh gradually won territory
back. The Scots and the Normans fought on the border between England and
Scotland; the Normans took over some land on the border but did not invade
Scotland.
William sent people all over England to draw up lists of all the towns and villages. The
people who lived there, who owned the land and what animals they owned were also
listed. This was called the Domesday Book. It still exists today and gives a picture of
society in England just after the Norman Conquest.
1) The Middle Ages
AD 476 (end of Roman Empire) -1485: spans 1,000 years
The English kings fought with the Welsh, Scottish and Irish noblemen for control of
their lands.
WALES
>> the English win in Wales.
In 1284 King Edward I of England introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which
annexed Wales to the Crown of England. Huge castles, including Conwy and
Caernarvon, were built to maintain this power. By the middle of the 15th century
the last Welsh rebellions had been defeated.
English laws and the English language were introduced.
SCOTLAND
>> the Scottish win.
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