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Summary

Sumario Cálculo en una variable.

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- El número real y complejo. - Inecuaciones con valor absoluto. - Los numeros complejos. - Formula de Moivre. - Límite, continuidad, derivabilidad de funciones reales de variable real. - Fórmula de Taylor. - Integración. - Teorema fundamental del cálculo. - Teorema del cambio de variab...

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  • September 14, 2021
  • 10
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
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Tema 1. Cálculo en una variable.
P1. El número real y complejo.
𝑁(𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠) = {0, 1, 2...}
𝑍(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠) = {... − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2...}
𝑄(𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠) = { 𝑝
𝑞 }
𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑞 ≠ 0


Existen +, -
𝑁 AX1 Conmutativas 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥;𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥
𝑁 AX2 Asociativa 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧;𝑥(𝑦𝑧) = (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑧
𝑁 AX3 Distributiva 𝑥 · (𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧
𝑁 AX4 Elemento Neutro: 0 𝑥 + 0 = 𝑥
𝑁 AX5 Elemento Unidad: 1 1 · 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑍 AX6 Existe el opuesto de x: -x 𝑥 + (− 𝑥) = 0
−1
𝑄 AX7 Existe elemento inverso x: x⁻¹ 𝑥 · 𝑥 =1

Existe una ordenación
𝑁 AX8 Orden total 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ∀𝑥, 𝑦
𝑁 AX9 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦; 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧≤𝑦+𝑧
𝑍 AX10 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑧 ≥ 0 𝑥·𝑦≤𝑦·𝑧
𝑅 AX11 Axioma del extremo superior: todo conjunto acotado superiormente tiene un
extremo superior.

𝐴 está acotado superiormente si existe 𝑘cota superior. 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
Extremo superior (si existe) es la menor de las cotas superiores αes extremo superior si es
cota superior y α ≤ 𝑘si 𝑘es cota superior.
Ejemplo que estando acotado no tiene extremo superior: 𝐴 = 𝑄 ∩ (0, 2)
207145−207
Cálculo de la fracción generatriz: 2, 07145 = 99900



Inecuaciones con valor absoluto.
|𝑥| = {𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≥ 0; − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 < 0}

● − |𝑥| ≤ 𝑥 ≤ |𝑥|
● |𝑥𝑦| = |𝑥| · |𝑦|
● |𝑥| ≤ 𝑘 − 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘; − 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘
|𝑥| < 𝑘 − 𝑘 < 𝑥 < 𝑘; − 𝑘 < 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 < 𝑘
● |𝑥| ≥ 𝑘 − 𝑘 ≥ 𝑥 ∨ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑘
● Desigualdad triangular |𝑥 + 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|

Ejemplo:
𝐴 = {𝑥/ − 𝑥 + 1 ≤ |2𝑥 + 7| < 𝑥 + 9} = [− 2, 2)
|2𝑥 + 7| < 𝑥 + 9 ∧ |2𝑥 + 7| ≥− 𝑥 + 1
− 𝑥 − 9 < 2𝑥 + 7 ∧ 2𝑥 + 7 < 𝑥 + 9 − (− 𝑥 + 1) ≥ 2𝑥 + 7 ∨ 2𝑥 + 7 ≥− 𝑥 + 1
16
− 3
<𝑥∧𝑥<2 − 8 ≥ 𝑥 ∨ 𝑥 ≥− 2

, Los números complejos.
𝐶 = {𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅}
2 2 2 2
− 1= 𝑖 𝑖 =− 1 (− 𝑖) =− 1 = (− 1) · (𝑖) = 1 · (− 1) = 1

Suma: (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (− 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖) = 0 + 0𝑖
𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙(𝑍) + 𝑖𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑍)
2
Producto: (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) · (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑐𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑐𝑏)𝑖
−1
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) · (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 1
−1 1 𝑎−𝑏𝑖 𝑎−𝑏𝑖 𝑎 −𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑎+𝑏𝑖
= (𝑎+𝑏𝑖)(𝑎−𝑏𝑖)
= 2 2 = 2 2 + 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏

𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖; 𝑍 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖

Propiedades:
1. (𝑍 1
+ 𝑍 2) = 𝑍 1
+𝑍 2

2. 𝑍 1𝑍 2
=𝑍 1
·𝑍 2
𝑍 𝑍
3. 𝑍
1
= 1

2 𝑍 2




2 2
𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖; |𝑍| = 𝑎 + 𝑏
Llamamos argumento principal al ángulo que forma el vector complejo con respecto al eje
OX teniendo en cuenta que: − π ≤ θ ≤ π




𝑏 𝑏
θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑎
θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑎
+ π




𝑏 𝑏
θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑎
− π θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑎

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