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Summary War in Revolution
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Notes on war in the French Revolution
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WarProblems facing the LA in October 1791:
Political Social Economic
Division between Bourgeoisie becoming High bread prices
radicals and more elite and happier
moderates
Tension between Rest of third estate Inequality in taxation
people who’d left still not feeling equal- still- not much change
France (émigrés) and still paying high taxes + economically for the
those remaining; bread prices remain poor’s lives
threat of high; don’t think NA is
counterrevolution doing right thing
from the outside
King’s position Nobles etc. loss of King still receiving a lot
unstable privileges thus of money; issues with
unhappy spending distribution
continued
Robespierre introduces ‘self-denying ordinance’ meaning anyone who’d sat in NA could not
serve as a deputy in LA
Legislative Assembly:
Why: Robespierre’s personal interest is
th th
Elections were between 25 August- 5 that perhaps NA too moderate so
September potential for more radical; good way of
‘Self-denying ordinance’ proposed by ensuring nobody becomes too powerful,
Robespierre prevented the re-election fairer and more voices heard
of any members of the previous NA Impact: Replacing and reinstating can
Louis accepted the new arrangements create insecure/ instable positions- lots of
th
on 14 September upheaval; people who were best-suited
Fewer than 25% of active citizens and knowledgeable lost; all new and a lot
actually voted of young and inexperienced people
When the 745 deputies met at
Why did fears of counterrevolution increase?
beginning of October, they comprised
of 264 Feuillants, 136 Jacobins + 345 - Austria + Prussia Declaration of Pillnitz
(inc. 23 clergy) non-politically affiliated - Noble émigré armies in Austria +
Was overwhelmingly bourgeois + over Rhineland
half were under 30 - King’s 2 brothers in Coblenz
Why was the fear of counterrevolution so great?
Was there a real threat of counterrevolution? - Because the country was so divided at this point, didn’t
- Austria + Prussia would have needed know how many people would be on the émigrés side
- Theoretical threat in reality Aus+ Prus would’ve etc.
needed support and money from other - Unequipped to deal with it because of their non-
countries who wouldn’t have joined unitedness; would’ve faced the trained émigrés so the
- Likelihood of attack low but if did attack fear would’ve been they could not fight back
would’ve been damaging - Combination of seriousness if they had attacked and
the suspicion of different groups within France
- King’s prevention of revolutionaries being able to take
, Why?
With Louis’ failed flight, Austrians felt they needed to Declaration of Pillnitz:
make a gesture of support to him; 27 th August
Emperor Leopold II and his ally Frederick-William III Wasn’t taken v seriously by the French
of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz which + few papers bothered to report it
stated: French knew it was unlikely to amount
- The situation of the French King was of ‘common to much since the two monarchs had
interest’ to all nations declared they’d only intervene if other
- The powers of the French Crown should be powers joined them; this was seen as
restored out of the question as Russia and
- They were ready to use force to bring about this Sweden were too busy w their own
restoration of royal power affairs in Poland and Turkey + Britain
This declaration helped add to the mistrust of those would never support a French invasion
who already had lost faith in the monarchy
The threat posed by noble émigrés who were
building private armies in Austrian/German Rhineland states, awaiting chance to return,
worried Frenchmen; by the end of 1791 an estimated 60% of all pre-revolutionary army
officers were among these- Coblenz was a particular centre of activity, both of Louis’
brothers had gone there which increased fear and suspicion in France
LA response:
The new Legislative Assembly met on 1st How were the assembly’s measures designed to prevent
October 1791 (elections were between counterrevolution?
29th Aug-5th Sept); its first decrees were: - Tried to suppress any issues that would
- 9th November: decree against the compromise the revolution
émigrés, threatening perpetual - Trying to punish people likely to oppose the
banishment and seizure of their revolution- pre-empting
property unless they returned to - Targeting issues inside France, not much aiming
France before 1st Jan 1792 towards issues coming from other countries
- 29th November: a decree demanding
that refractory priests take the oath How successful were the assembly’s measures in
or be treated as traitors protecting the revolution?
Louis used his suspensory veto against - Helping citizens within France
both measures which only served to link - Could persuade people outside France that
the two rebellious groups more closely in they’re harsh and turn more against them bc of
the patriots’ (supporters of the their punishments
revolution) minds
Supporters of War Against War
Assembly (inc. Feuillant majority)- to unite French people in Robespierre- he alone in Jacobins opposed war; suggested
patriotic cause, expose counter-revolutionary traitors within revolutionaries’ first priority should be to establish the
France, demonstrate vigour of their new state + defend the revolution firmly at home
‘honour’ of the revolution against its enemies
Brissot + Brissotins/Girondins- claimed a war would be easily Far left
won since the oppressed subjects of their enemies would
welcome the French soldiers as ‘men of liberty’
Royal family- whilst claiming to support constitution and Louis?- publicly against it, wouldn’t want France to win but if it
oppose any war, esp, Marie Antoinette sought armed loses then could be restored
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