Kwalitatieve en gemengde
(wetenschappelijke) methoden
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Belang en functies van kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................... 5
Kwalitatief psychologisch onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 5
Kwalitatieve methoden van data-verzameling .............................................................................................. 5
Kennistheoretische benaderingen ................................................................................................................. 5
Onderzoeksproces: Empirische cyclus ........................................................................................................... 6
H2: Zelf-rapportering ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Kwalitatieve interviews....................................................................................................................................... 9
Vormen interviews......................................................................................................................................... 9
Interviews en kennistheorieën .................................................................................................................... 10
Maken ve interview ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Afname ve interview .................................................................................................................................... 11
Narratieven (enk. narratief).............................................................................................................................. 12
H4: Focusgroepen ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Focusgroep ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Kenmerken focusgroep ................................................................................................................................ 16
Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Gebruik van focusgroepen in psychologie ........................................................................................................ 17
Verloop van een focusgroep-onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 19
H5: Observatieonderzoek ............................................................................................................................. 23
Gebruik van observatieonderzoek in psychologie ............................................................................................. 23
SOORTEN observatieonderzoek ........................................................................................................................ 24
Experimentele observatie ............................................................................................................................ 24
Gestructureerde natuurlijke observaties ..................................................................................................... 24
Participerende observatie............................................................................................................................ 25
Etnografie .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Observatietechnieken ....................................................................................................................................... 27
H6: Onderzoeksopzet in kwalitatief onderzoek ............................................................................................. 28
Onderzoeksopzet.......................................................................................................................................... 28
Fasen in onderzoeksproces: steekproef of geval .............................................................................................. 28
Methode van dataverzameling......................................................................................................................... 28
3 TYPEN van onderzoeksopzet .......................................................................................................................... 29
1
,Gevalstudie .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Voorbeeld gevalsstudie..................................................................................................................................... 31
Voorbeeld gevalsstudie: ‘De late dienst’........................................................................................................... 32
Hoe zet je een gevalstudie op? ..................................................................................................................... 34
H7: Gecombineerde methoden (gemengde methoden) ................................................................................ 38
Mixed Methods Reasearch (MMR) ................................................................................................................... 38
Mixed Method vs. Multi Method................................................................................................................. 39
Indicatie voor gebruik .................................................................................................................................. 39
H8: Onderzoekskwaliteit en ethiek ............................................................................................................... 43
DEEL 1: ONDERZOEKSKWALITEIT ...................................................................................................................... 43
Standaarden van kwaliteit in ALLA wetenschappelijk onderzoek ..................................................................... 43
Standaarden van kwaliteit in Kwantitatief vs. Kwalitatief onderzoek .............................................................. 45
DEEL 2: ONDERZOEKSETHIEK ............................................................................................................................ 47
Ethische basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................ 47
Informed consent (ethische kwestie) .......................................................................................................... 49
Privacy en databescherming (ethische kwestie) .......................................................................................... 50
Ethische codes ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Ethische procedures .................................................................................................................................... 51
H9: Transcriptie en coderen .......................................................................................................................... 52
Verwerking van data ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Vragenlijst- open antwoorden .......................................................................................................................... 52
Interviews en focusgroepen .............................................................................................................................. 54
Transcripties ................................................................................................................................................ 54
Coderen ....................................................................................................................................................... 56
Observaties .................................................................................................................................................. 58
H10: Thematische analyse ............................................................................................................................ 60
Gebruik thematische analyse............................................................................................................................ 60
Stappenplan/verloop van thematische analyse................................................................................................ 61
Kwaliteit van inhoudsanalyse ........................................................................................................................... 62
Hulpprogramma ............................................................................................................................................... 64
H11: Discoursanalyse .................................................................................................................................... 67
Inhoudsanalyse vs discoursanalyse .................................................................................................................. 68
Positie van discoursanalyse in de psychologie .................................................................................................. 69
Gebruik discoursanalyse ................................................................................................................................... 69
Woordenschat/jargon & discoursanalyse......................................................................................................... 71
Uitvoeren van een discoursanalyse: verschillende benaderingen..................................................................... 72
2
,Potter’s benadering van discoursanalyse .................................................................................................... 72
Foucault’s benadering van discoursanalyse ................................................................................................ 74
Beide benaderingen vergeleken .................................................................................................................. 75
3
, 4
(wetenschappelijke) methoden
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Belang en functies van kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................... 5
Kwalitatief psychologisch onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 5
Kwalitatieve methoden van data-verzameling .............................................................................................. 5
Kennistheoretische benaderingen ................................................................................................................. 5
Onderzoeksproces: Empirische cyclus ........................................................................................................... 6
H2: Zelf-rapportering ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Kwalitatieve interviews....................................................................................................................................... 9
Vormen interviews......................................................................................................................................... 9
Interviews en kennistheorieën .................................................................................................................... 10
Maken ve interview ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Afname ve interview .................................................................................................................................... 11
Narratieven (enk. narratief).............................................................................................................................. 12
H4: Focusgroepen ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Focusgroep ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Kenmerken focusgroep ................................................................................................................................ 16
Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Gebruik van focusgroepen in psychologie ........................................................................................................ 17
Verloop van een focusgroep-onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 19
H5: Observatieonderzoek ............................................................................................................................. 23
Gebruik van observatieonderzoek in psychologie ............................................................................................. 23
SOORTEN observatieonderzoek ........................................................................................................................ 24
Experimentele observatie ............................................................................................................................ 24
Gestructureerde natuurlijke observaties ..................................................................................................... 24
Participerende observatie............................................................................................................................ 25
Etnografie .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Observatietechnieken ....................................................................................................................................... 27
H6: Onderzoeksopzet in kwalitatief onderzoek ............................................................................................. 28
Onderzoeksopzet.......................................................................................................................................... 28
Fasen in onderzoeksproces: steekproef of geval .............................................................................................. 28
Methode van dataverzameling......................................................................................................................... 28
3 TYPEN van onderzoeksopzet .......................................................................................................................... 29
1
,Gevalstudie .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Voorbeeld gevalsstudie..................................................................................................................................... 31
Voorbeeld gevalsstudie: ‘De late dienst’........................................................................................................... 32
Hoe zet je een gevalstudie op? ..................................................................................................................... 34
H7: Gecombineerde methoden (gemengde methoden) ................................................................................ 38
Mixed Methods Reasearch (MMR) ................................................................................................................... 38
Mixed Method vs. Multi Method................................................................................................................. 39
Indicatie voor gebruik .................................................................................................................................. 39
H8: Onderzoekskwaliteit en ethiek ............................................................................................................... 43
DEEL 1: ONDERZOEKSKWALITEIT ...................................................................................................................... 43
Standaarden van kwaliteit in ALLA wetenschappelijk onderzoek ..................................................................... 43
Standaarden van kwaliteit in Kwantitatief vs. Kwalitatief onderzoek .............................................................. 45
DEEL 2: ONDERZOEKSETHIEK ............................................................................................................................ 47
Ethische basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................ 47
Informed consent (ethische kwestie) .......................................................................................................... 49
Privacy en databescherming (ethische kwestie) .......................................................................................... 50
Ethische codes ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Ethische procedures .................................................................................................................................... 51
H9: Transcriptie en coderen .......................................................................................................................... 52
Verwerking van data ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Vragenlijst- open antwoorden .......................................................................................................................... 52
Interviews en focusgroepen .............................................................................................................................. 54
Transcripties ................................................................................................................................................ 54
Coderen ....................................................................................................................................................... 56
Observaties .................................................................................................................................................. 58
H10: Thematische analyse ............................................................................................................................ 60
Gebruik thematische analyse............................................................................................................................ 60
Stappenplan/verloop van thematische analyse................................................................................................ 61
Kwaliteit van inhoudsanalyse ........................................................................................................................... 62
Hulpprogramma ............................................................................................................................................... 64
H11: Discoursanalyse .................................................................................................................................... 67
Inhoudsanalyse vs discoursanalyse .................................................................................................................. 68
Positie van discoursanalyse in de psychologie .................................................................................................. 69
Gebruik discoursanalyse ................................................................................................................................... 69
Woordenschat/jargon & discoursanalyse......................................................................................................... 71
Uitvoeren van een discoursanalyse: verschillende benaderingen..................................................................... 72
2
,Potter’s benadering van discoursanalyse .................................................................................................... 72
Foucault’s benadering van discoursanalyse ................................................................................................ 74
Beide benaderingen vergeleken .................................................................................................................. 75
3
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