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Summary Muscle metabolism and sport.
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Muscle metabolism and sport1. Oxygen
O2 is the electron acceptor, which happens in the membranes of the mitochondria. This is
called OXPHOS (harvest ATP via electron and proton).
Myoglobin = in the muscle, also bind 1 O2
Hemoglobin= in the red blood cells, bind 4 O2. We have multiple binding
sites, which leads to cooperativity > change of protein conformation.
Leading to a s-shaped curve.
The concentration of O2 in the lungs is higher than in the tissue, leading
to a release of O2 when in the tissue. This is not true for myoglobin.
When exercise > a lot of release of O2 in tissue bc of cooperativity.
CO2 in water leads to carbonic acid > bicarbonate. This bicarbonate is a buffer of pH.
1. >> in tissue CO2 produced > goes to red blood
cell
2. loss proton > bicarbonate. The proton binds to
Hb (prevent O2 to bind)
3. bicarbonate shuttles outside red blood cell
4. net result: a proton is on Hb > therefore the O2
that was binds is kicked off > goes to tissue!
>> In lungs: concentration O2 higher > move of O2 to the red blood cell > reverse reaction
So this all depended on concentration in the tissue and in the red blood cells.
Bohr effect: competition of O2 and CO2. in exercise > more acids > higher pH > lower the
saturation for O2 > so O2 goes to tissues that produce more CO2.
Direct link between metabolism and breathing: The production of CO2 and lactate by the
muscles leads to a higher HHb and lack of O2 > more breathing > stimulates transfer of gas.
2. Oxygen metabolism and ROS
ROS = oxygen radicals, unpaired electrons. Which can damage all structures in the cell.
2 systems: superoxide dismutase >> hydrogen peroxide. or catalase >> H2O + O2.
Glutathion as co-factor
1. Reduced form GSH + HSG puts H+ to make water
2. The new for GSSG stays reduced due to the
NADPH of PP
Ery’s have active PPP & have NADH (from glycolysis) to
keep Fe in the reduced form.
FAVA beans create big amounts of ROS. Glutathione protects against malaria > leading to
high levels of ROS in red blood cells > problem in people with Favism (G6DHP). Too much
ROS > oxidized hemoglobin. In FAVISM: If you cannot make enough NADPH > not enough
to reduce glutathione > no e- donation > too much
ROS > oxy Hb > heinz body
too much heinz bodies > hemolysis > iron
released > produce more ROS (outside red blood
cell).
3. Muscle energy metabolism
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