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Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Review Q&A
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A study guide for the comprehensive final exam in NURS 1002: Anatomy and Physiology I. Contains review questions and answers along with explanations.
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Chapter 11. Use the proper anatomical and directional terms to describe body planes, body regions and relative
positions.
Standard Anatomic Position- specimen is presented facing forward, toes pointing forward, the feet shoulder width apart
and palms facing forward. Anatomic position is from standing
Important because it creates a standard point of reference that facilitates communication among science and health care
professionals.
Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal Plane- cut down from head to feet in right or left side
Frontal (coronal) Plane- cut ear to ear/ front and back halves
Transverse (horizontal) Plane- parallel to the floor; perpendicular
Directional Terms
Anterior/ Ventral- front of the body
Posterior/ Dorsal- back of the body
Superior/ Cranal- top of body (towards he head)
Inferior/ Caudal- lower portion of body (towards the feet)
Medial- towards the midline of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- towards an attachment point on the body
Distal- away from an attachment point on the body
Superficial- toward the surface of the body
Deep- away from the surface of the body
Abdominal Quadrants
RUQ LUQ
- Liver - Spleen
- Gallbladder - Pancreas
- Kidney - Descending Colon
- Ascending Colon - Transverse Colon
- Transverse Colon - Small Intestine
- Small Intestine
RLQ LLQ
- Appendix - Descending Colon
- Ascending Colon - Small Intestine
- Small Intestine
, 2. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
Doral (Posterior Cavity)
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Cavity
Ventral (Anterior) Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
o Pleural Cavity (Parietal/ Visceral Pleura)
o Mediastinum
o Pericardial Cavity (Parietal/ Visceral Pericardium)
- Abdominalpelvic Cavity (Parietal/ Visceral Peritoneum)
o Peritoneal Cavity
o Abdominal Cavity
o Pelvic Cavity
Chapter 2
1. For each of the major classes of macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids): name and
describe the subunits (monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides) that make up the molecules. State
the general function of each class of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates
Molecules composed only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Energy storage molecules
Provide C-H skeleton for building other organic molecules
Act as cell surface identification tags
Lipids
Water- insoluble organic molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Major biological roles:
- Energy source
, - Structural role
- Chemical messengers
-
Proteins
Most abundant and diverse organic compounds of the human body
Composed of amino acid
Functions include:
- Structural support
- Movement
- Transport
- Defense
- Metabolic Regulation
Nucleic Acid
Molecules involved in storage and transfer of information, directing protein synthesis
Composed of nucelotides
, Saturated Fatty Acid- single H- bond; animal fats
Unsaturated Fatty Acid- mono- one double bond; poly- several double bonds; oil; kinks due to double bonds
Amino Acids
Amino acids are composed of:
- Amino group
- Central carbon
- Carboxylic acid
- “R” group
20 different side chains (“R”) are classified by the chemical nature of the side chain:
- Polar
- Nonpolar
- Ionic
Amino acids are linked by dehydration synthesis and the breakage of peptide bonds by hydrolysis
2. For lipids describe the general structure of the glycercides and phosphoglycerides. Describe the structural
difference between a saturated fat and unsaturated fat and explain how this structural difference affects a fat's
physical consistency. Explain how steroids and eicosanoids differ from glycerides. Know the general functions
of steroids and eicosanoids.
Saturated FA Unsaturated FD
Type of Bonds Single H- bonds Mono- one double bond
Poly- several double bonds
Physical Characteristic Solid Oil; kinks due to double bonds
Source Animal fats Plant sources
Eicosanoid- tissue hormones, clotting, inflammation, etc.
Steroid- chemical messengers (hormones)
3. Describe how DNA is structurally different from RNA.
DNA
- Composed of deoxyribonucleotides
- NItogenous bases (cytosine, thymine, guanine, uracil)
o A- T
o C-G
- 2 polynucleotide chains join by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases
- Double helix
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