An easy to study summary on the topic of the Cold War for grade 12 history students to study from. This set was made following the IEB SAGS requirements, ensuring that all necessary information is there.
Summary New Generation History, TOPIC 4 (SA HISTORY)
IEB Grade 12 history notes: topic 6 end of cold war (p1)
Grade 12 IEB history notes: Topic 4 Civil unrest in SA (P2)
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Cold War
(1945 - 1991)
Background & Focus
✴ After WWII their was a struggle between the Superpowers - USA and USS
✴ This struggle = Cold Wa
✴ held treat to much deadlier weapons (nuclear)
✴ It involved :
✴diplomatic manoeuvrin
✴economic pressur
✴intimidation, propagand
✴espionage
✴assassinatio
✴
✴ Ideological differences is because of democracy and communis
Super Powers
• A country w/ dominant position in the world
• Characteristics of the superpowers
• Politica
• Militar
• Economy Cultura
• Geographi
• Cultura
• Country w/ ability to:
• In uence world event
• Further its own interest
• Project power over the rest of the worl
• Large country with a large populatio
• Strong econom
• Ample supply of natural resourc
• USA and USSR = super powers of cold war
• After collapse of Communism ▶︎ USA left as sole super power
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, Reasons for tensions bt USSR & USA before the Cold War began
Reasons USA mistrusted the USSR: Reasons USSR mistrusted the USA:
• Communists believed capitalist system
• Communism threatened Western values was wrong bc rich ppl. prospered at
and way of life expense fo the poor
• WW I - Bolshevik part abandoned • Western powers sent aid to the White
Russian allies by making peace with army ( ghting against Bolsheviks in
Germany Russian civil war)
• 1930 - Stalin distrusted the policy of
• Disliked totalitarian polices which lead to: appeasement, suspecting the Britain
- Forced labour and France saw the Soviet as the real
- Public Trials enemy... not Nazi Germany - suspicion
- Deaths was strengthened by Soviets being
- The purges of 1930 excluded from the Munich Conference
(1938)
• Stalin signed Nazi-Soviet Non- • 1919 Allies gave away Russian lands to
Aggression Pact in 1939 other countries in Paris Peace
Conference
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, Yalta Conference
• February 1945:
• Key Issue = how to treat those nations that was under Nazi occupation ⇢ Allies and
Stalin’s ideas of a free and democratic government was very different from theirs
•
• WWII coming to close⏤ defeat of Germany = strong possibility ⇢ ideological
di erences bt. USSR & Western allies began to surface:
• Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Britain) and Roosevelt (USA) met to plan post-
war settlement → great tension behind o cial cordiality → agreements
reached = temporary compromises that didn’t settle bigger issues
• Decisions Made:
• Germany & city of Berlin divided into 4 zones →administered by USA, USSR,
Britain and France (respectively)⇢however no agreement on uniform system of
gov. in di . zones
• USSR occupied Poland ⇢promised free democratic elections to be held →
HOWEVER installed pro-Soviet provisional gov. ⇢Allied Declaration of Liberated
Europe formally committed USSR to follow policy of democracy in countries they
occupied.
• Stalin’s interpretation of democracy = v di . →however USSR agreed to
join:
• United Nations (aim was to keep peace)
• War against Japan after war in Europe over
• Stalin = determined to create against future German aggression bc USSR su ered
terrible losses during war
• ’Big Three’ agreed Eastern Europe = Soviet sphere of in uence
• Issues:
• No agreements reached regarding Germany paying reparations
• Stalin:
• Wanted xed sum = allies thought was to much
• Wanted border of Soviet Union to move westwards into Poland → and then
Polish borders moved westwards into Germany
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, Potsdam Conference
- July - August 1945:
• Continuation of Yalta Conference (this time war in Europe was over)
• Discussed: post-war settlement →
• Germany
• Reparations
• Eastern Europe
• Japan
• Stalin introduced to fact USA had atomic bomb ⌲ realised USSR was far behind
USA
•
• End of 1945 the ‘Cold War seed’ had been ‘sown’
• USA and USSR had no common enemy
• Soviet Union had no atomic bombs
- Main Decisions Made:
• Details of 4 zones of Germany nalised:
• USA,Britain, USSR & France = admins of of a zone
• Expected to collect reparations & property from their respective
zones → w/out sabotaging Germany’s economic stability
• Bc USSR’s zone was mainly rural the USSR was to receive
addition reparations (25%) from dismantled industrial equipment
from other zones
• USSR →exchange industrial equipment for food supplies (located
predominantly in the East)
• Germans living in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary to return to Germany
- Issues:
• Disagreements bt USSR and the West had:
• Eastern Europe:
• Agreed at Yalta ⇥ pro-Soviet gov to be set up in Eastern Europe
• Truman⇢ opposed to this
• Separation line later referred to as Iron Curtain by Churchill
• Reparations:
• Stalin→ hoped to be compensated for death of 20mil Soviets
• Truman⇢ didn’t want to make same mistakes at end of WWI
• Germany:
• Stalin proposed→ Germany be crippled
•
• Truman objected⇢ did not want repeat Treaty of Versailles
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