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Running head: FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS (Pioneers of Psychology, CH11 p. 455-488) 1FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
(Pioneers of Psychology, CH11 p. 455-488)
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,FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS (Pioneers of Psychology, CH11 p. 455-488) 2
FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
The journey on psychoanalysis starts offevolved with Joseph Breuer (1842-
1925) and his hysteric affected person Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936). He
handled her signs and symptoms with the “cathartic method”, this is the
purification of feelings below hypnosis. Years later Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939) remembered this when he began treating his own hysteric patients and the
method proved itself to be very successful.
1895: “Studies on Hysteria” by Freud and Breuer that is today recognized as the
starting point for a new field that Freud came to call Psychoanalysis
o it includes several in their instances and the general hypothesis that
hysterics suffer particularly from memories, particularly memories of
emotionally charged experiences that have been by some means
“forgotten” experiences that have been somehow “forgotten”
o those memories become disease producing (pathogenic ideas)
o conversions: the emotional energy is put into physical energy and result
in hysterical symptoms
But the promising cathartic method worked only with people who could be
deeply hypothesized. Freud’s effort to solve this problem led to an expanded an
ambitious theory, not just of hysteria but on human nature on general.
Freud’s Early Life
Sigmund Freud: born on May 6th 1856 in Freiberg, Czech Republic as
the oldest of 8 children
The unusual constellation of his family may have sensitized Freud to the
vagaries of family relationships
Enrolled in the University of Vienna’s Medical School in 1873 at the age
of 17
, FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS (Pioneers of Psychology, CH11 p. 455-488) 3
Franz Bretano (1838-1917) was one of Freud’s teachers who promoted
the so called act psychology (analysis of thoughts) and intentionality
(ability of the mind to form representations)
Ernst Brücke (1819-1892) was the founder of the “New Physiology”
together with Freud and other students that sought mechanic explanations
for all organic phenomena
1882: Medical Training at Vienna’s General Hospital in which he in
particular targeting neurophysiology with quite a few fulfillment
1885: Travelling Grant to study in Paris with the celebrated J. M. Charcot
(1825-1893) where he translated some of Charcot’s writings into German
After his return he lost favor for the Viennese medical establishment and
decided to treat patients with hysteria
Treatment Methods: Freud first treated his patients with a pressure
technique, in which patients were asked to recall earliest experiences of
their symptoms to get to their pathogenic ideas while pressing their
forehead. Later he realized that the pressure was not necessary and the
encouragement was enough. The practice of free association became his
standard method.
o over-determination: the process by which symptoms can be caused
by different emotions acting together
o repression: Freud believed that the pathogenic ideas were not simply
forgotten but rather unconsciously repressed by the patient
o intrapsychic conflict: on the one hand patients wanted to cooperate to
reduce their symptoms, but on the other hand their unconscious
resistance undermined the progress of the therapy
1896: Seduction Theory: all hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse
as children ( conclusion after observing that many suppressed memories
dealt with sexual experiences in childhood)
Symptoms were said to function as a defense against psychologically
dangerous pathogenic ideas
His theory was received poorly by many of his colleagues and they
stopped referring patients to him and Freud himself started to doubt about
his method.
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