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Summary mind map for AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Everything You Need To Know ( From A Top Student )
Easy Summary of AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 ( top grade student last minute revision )
AQA GCSE Biology (triple) notes Chapter 2-10
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By: peta-annebarrow • 2 year ago
By: medicnotes1 • 2 year ago
These concise notes make revision so much easier! These cover all the specification point and are basically copy and paste from mark schemes. Also, thanks for uploading it as a word document so I can edit it.
1.2 Cell division ...................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Chromosomes .............................................................................................................6
1.2.2 Mitosis and the cell cycle ............................................................................................6
1.2.3 Stem cells ....................................................................................................................7
1.3 Transport in cells .............................................................. 8
1.3.1 Diffusion ......................................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Osmosis .......................................................................................................................9
1.3.3 Active transport ........................................................................................................10
1
, AQA GCSE Biology notes Topic 1 – Cell Biology
1.1 Cell structure
1.1.1 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cell
• Animal, plant, fungi
• Has a cell membrane, cytoplasm & genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
• More complex
1.1.2 Animal and plant cells
Animal cell
Nucleus • Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Control cell's activities
Mitochondria • Where aerobic respiration takes place
• Releasing energy for cells to work
Cytoplasm • Gel-like substance
• Where chemical reaction takes place
• Contains enzymes to control chemical reaction
Ribosome • Where protein synthesis happens
• Make proteins using amino acids
Cell membrane • Hold cells together
• Controls movement of substances in & out of cell
Plant cell
Cell wall • Supports & strengths cell by cellulose
Permanent vacuole • Contains air sap (weak solution of sugar & salt)
• Keep cells rigid to support plant
Chloroplast • Contains chlorophyll that absorb light for photosynthesis
• Where photosynthesis occurs
2
, AQA GCSE Biology notes Topic 1 – Cell Biology
Prokaryotic cells
• Bacteria
• Have cytoplasm & cell membrane surround by cell wall
• Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
• Its DNA is found as a loop in the cell & there may be one or more plasmids
Why are prokaryotic cells smaller & simpler?
• Larger SA : volume ratio
• Short diffusion distance
• Allow sufficient transport of molecules into & out of cell to meet needs of organism
Bacteria cell
Slime capsule • Protect cell
Plasmid • A small ring of DNA
Flagellum • Move themselves
around
1.1.3 Cell specialisation
• Specialisation – cell differentiate to become specialized
Animal cells
Nerve cells Function
• Transmit electrical impulses around the body
Adaptation
• Have lots of dendrites to connect other nerve cells
• Axon is very long to cover more distance
• Synapses contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy
to make transmitter chemicals
• Myelin act as an electrical insulator to stop electrical
impulse from leaking out
Muscle cells Function
• Contract and relax to bring about movement
Adaptation
• Contain protein fibre to change length of cell (↓fibre
↓length)
• Contain many mitochondria to provide energy for
contraction and respiration
• Store glycogen which can be broken down in cellular
respiration to transfer energy
Sperm cells Function
• Carry father’s genetic information and fertilise the egg
Adaptation
• Have long tails & streamlined to help swim to egg &
reduce cells energy requirements to travel to egg
• Acrosome contain digestive enzymes to break through egg
cell membrane
3
, AQA GCSE Biology notes Topic 1 – Cell Biology
• Nucleus contains DNA / 1 set of chromosome to be passed
on & preserves the chromosome no when the egg is
fertilised
• Nucleus contains 23 chromosomes
• Mid-section contains mitochondria to provide energy in
respiration for tail to work
Plant cells
Root hair cells Function
• To absorb water by osmosis & mineral ions by active
transport from soil efficiently
Adaptation
• Have large SA to absorb water & mineral ions
• Have large permanent vacuole to speed up movement of
water by osmosis
• Contain mitochondria to provide energy to transport
mineral ions into cell
Xylem cells Function
• Transport water & mineral ions from root to stems &
leaves
Adaptation
• Have strong lignin spirals which allow them to withstand
water pressure to transport water in transpiration stream
& support plant stem
• Cell die & form long hallow tube which is strengthened by
lignin spirals allow water & mineral ions to move up easily
• Few cell structures & so they are dead for more space &
supported by lignin
Phloem cells Function
• Transport dissolved sugar through translocation from
leaves to rest of plant for immediate use or storage
Adaptation
• Cell walls between cells break down to form sieve plates -
allow water carrying dissolved food move freely up &
down tube to where it's needed
• Companion cells keep them alive & contain mitochondria
to provide energy to move dissolved food up & down plant
4
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