CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
CRIMINAL LAW 171 STUDY NOTES
...
Cr
imi
nall
awnot
es171
h
tt
ps
:/
/www.
st
uv
ia
.co
m/u
ser
/Bl
ac
kDo
lar
4
i
1
. GENERALI
NTRODUCTI
ON
1
.1. Wh
ati
sCr
imi
nal
Law?
• Def
ine
scertai
nfor
mso fconductasacri
me
• Pr
ovi
desforpuni
shme n
t
• El
ements
o Conduct(ac
tualphys
ica
l a
ct)oCaus
ati
on
o Unlawful
ness(pr
iv
atedefenc
e)
o Cri
minalc apaci
ty( mentalil
ln
ess;temp
ora
ri
lyb
li
nde
dbya
nge
r)o F
aul
t
(i
ntent
/negl
i
g e
nce)
1
.1.
1.De
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Co
ndu
ctt
hats
oci
et
ybe
li
eve
stob
ewr
ong/d
isa
ppr
ove
sof
,• I
.
e.c
ond
uctt
hec
ommu
nit
yth
ink
sde
ser
vesp
uni
shme
nt
1
.1.
2. De
fi
ni
ti
ono
f Pu
nis
hme
nt De
pri
vat
io
n/i
nf
li
ct
io
nor
h
arm/
suf
fer
in
g
• E
xpr
ess
ionofc
ommu ni
ty
’sdi
sappr
oval/
condemn
ati
o n Whypun
ish
?
o Prev
ent
ion o f cri
me ( det
err
ent
) o Re h
abi
l
it
ati
on/
ref
orm
(embi
tt
ermen
t)oRetr
ibu
ti
on/rev
enge
o “Res
tor
ati
vej
ust
ice”
?(r
esto
rin
gp osi
ti
onpr
iort
ocr
ime
)
1
.1.
3.F
unc
ti
ono
fCr
imi
nal
Law
• Soc
ialmech
a n
ismtoc oer
ceme mbersofsoci
ety
,th
roughth
reatofp
ainands
uff
eri
ng,t
o
ab
stai
nfr
omc ondu
cthar
mfultosoc
iet
y’
sint
ere
sts
• Ai
mst opromote
si n
div
idualau
tonomyandt hewel
far
eo fsoc
iet
y(andi
tsmember
s)by
e
sta
bli
shi
nga
ndma
int
ai
ni
ngp
eac
ean
dor
dera
nda
dva
nci
ngh
uma
nri
ght
s
1
.2. Wh
ati
saCr
ime
?
• Conduc
tth
ath
armst
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nt
ere
sts
:
1
.2.
1.Hu
man
/Ci
vi
lRi
ght
s
Ba
sichumanr
igh
tss
ucha
sri
ghtt
oli
fe
,bo
dil
yin
teg
rit
y,p
ers
ona
lsa
fet
yan
dpr
ope
rtya
re
pr
ote
cte
d
1
.2.
2.I
ndi
vi
dua
lAu
ton
omy/Re
spo
nsi
bi
li
ty
Pr
in
cip
le:
eac
hpe
rso
nsh
oul
dbet
rea
teda
sre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rhi
s/h
ero
wnb
eha
vio
ur;
sub
jec
ti
ve
a
ppr
oac
htoSAc
ri
min
all
aw(
per
son
alc
ir
cums
tan
cesa
rou
ndc
ommi
tt
in
gcr
ime
)
1
.2.
3.Co
ll
ect
iv
eWe
lf
are
• Stat
utor
yregul
at
ionsthatmaint
ainstan
dardsofsa
fety
,he
alt
h,wel
fa
re,
envi
ron
me n
tet
c.
• “Publ
i
cwe l
far
eoffenc
es”
• Cri
ti
ci
smoSt ate=p ate
rnali
st
ic:oft
enprote
cti
onfro
mh armfort
heindi
vi
dualwhoi
spun
ish
edb
yth
e
cri
minalpr
ohi
bit
ion
oIsitj
ust
if
iedtoprote
ctpeopleagai
nstthe
mselv
es?
1
.2.
4.Ma
int
ena
nceo
fth
eGo
ver
nme
nto
fth
eSt
ate
• Cri
mespro
tect
in
ginte
restsp
e r
tai
ni
ngtos t
ruc
tur
esan
dinst
it
uti
onsbywhi
chgove
rnmen
tisc
arr
ie
do n
• Exampl
es:
tre
ason,se
diti
onprot
ectthegover
nmentaga
ins
tuncons
ti
tut
io
nals
ubver
si
onandover
thr
ow
(e
.g.c
oupd’
etat
),c
ontemptofcour
t,c
o r
rupt
io
n
1
.2.
5.Pu
bli
cSe
nsi
bi
li
ti
es/Mo
ral
i
ty
• Cul
tu
ralandre
li
giousbel
ie
fsandval
uesoImpo
rta
ncei
sendor
sedbyi
nvo
kin
gthecr
imi
nal
sanc
ti
on
ag
ainstcon
ductth
reate
ningsuc
hv al
ues
• Ex
amp le
s:i
ncest
,fl
ashi
nginpubl
ic
• Cr
it
ic
ismoSh oul
dc r
imi
nalla
wb eusedtop
uni
sh“i
mmora
li
ty
”me r
el
ybec
ausei
tisi
mmora
li
ty(
i.
e.
2
, c
ond
uctt
hati
sot
her
wis
eno
tha
rmf
ult
oot
her
s)?oAl
so:
who
semo
ral
i
tyi
stob
een
for
ced
?
1
.3. Cr
imi
nal
i
sat
io
n
Cr
imi
nal
is
ati
onisapro
ces
swh e
reb
yac o
mpete
ntla
wma k
erdef
ine
sadpr
ohi
bit
sac o
nducta
scr
imes
oas
toexp
ressso
c i
et
alc
ondemn
ati
on,s
ometi
mestosuc
had e
gre
ea st
oov
er-
cri
min
ali
se.
Q:
Dif
fer
enc
ebe
twe
enc
ommo
nla
wan
dst
atu
tor
ycr
i
mes
1
.3.
1.Co
mmo
nLa
wCr
ime
s
• Haveexi
stedfromear
li
estti
mes–c omefromoldSAlegal
s our
ces
• Cl
osedli
st:nonewcri
me scanbeadded
• Ser
iouscri
me saga
ins
ttheperson
,pr
o p
ertyan
din t
ere
stsoft
hes t
ate
• Ex
a mple
s:mu rd
er,
rape,
b e
asti
al
it
y,f
raud
• Le
g i
sl
atur
ec anremovecommo nlawc r
imese.g.homose
x u
ali
tyandad
ult
eryu
sedt
obec
ommo
nla
w
cr
imes
1
.3.
2.St
atu
tor
yCr
ime
s
• En
act
edbylegi
sl
atur
e/p
arl
iamen
t
• Newt
ypesofcond
uctcont
inuet
obed e
cla
redt
obeacr
ime
• N.
B.a
llc
rimesmustbetes
tedagai
nstt
heCons
ti
tu
ti
on(
mayno
tbei
nco
mpa
ti
bl
ewi
thi
t)
Q:
whyi
sitn
ota
deq
uat
etod
efi
nec
ri
mesma
ter
ia
ll
yon
ly?
1
.3.
3.Ma
ter
ia
lDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• I
nhe
ren
tqu
ali
tyof“b
adness
”dec
isi
ve–cond
uctrega
rdedasmora
ll
ywron
goBUT:
o Notallcr
imi
nalc
onduc
tismoral
l
ywrong/“bad
”(e
.g.n
otpayi
ngt
ax,
put
ti
ngs
eat
bel
ton
)
o Notallmoral
l
ywrongc
onducti
spuni
shab
leasacri
me
• Ac
tsth
atarehar
mfult
osoci
et
yoBUT:
o No ta
llcr
ime
sc a
usehar
m(e.
g.s
mok
ingd
agg
a)oNo
tal
lha
rmf
ulc
ond
ucti
spu
nis
hab
lea
sa
c
ri
me
• Co
nclu
sion
o Inher
entl
yide
nti
fyconduc
tasacri
me
o So c
iet
y’
sv i
ewso fwhati
swronganddes
erv
ingofpun
ishmentvar
ie
sa cc
ordi
ngtot
imeand
p
lace
o Proble
m: r
efl
ect
ss o
cie
ti
esval
uesandd
oesnoti
den
ti
fycha
rac
teri
sestha
tide
nti
fyc
ond
u c
tasa
c
ri
me
1
.3.
4.Pr
oce
dur
alDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Whatarethefor
ma ll
egalpr
ocedur
alconsequ
encesoft
hecond
uct?
• I
ftheconsequenc
eisp r
osecut
ionandthei
nfl
ict
ionofpu
nis
hment
,th
econd
ucti
sacr
ime
• Thu
s ,cond
u c
tisac r
imeb ec
auseac omp et
entlaw-
maki
ngpro
nounc
edittobeone(
notb
ase
don
morali
ty
)
• Ret
urntoori
ginal
defi
nit
ion
• The
reforecond
uctisac r
imeandpresc
ri
b e
sp uni
shment
3
, 1
.3.
5.Ad
ver
seE
ffe
ctso
fOv
er-
Cri
min
ali
sat
io
n
Cri
sis
?Mo reandmo recri
me scr
eated
a
)L e
sseningcri
minall
aw’sauthori
ty
:legi
ti
macycr
isi
s
b
) St
igmati
singind
ivi
dual
sa scri
minals
- So c i
al
:per
ma nentrec
o r
d
c
)E nc
o ur
agingcri
me
- 1 92 0
sp r
ohi
biti
on:i
ncreasei
no r
gani
sedcri
meinUSA
d
) Over
loadi
ngthecri
minalj
u st
icesyst
em
- Ma i
ntenan
ceo fj
u di
ci
arysyst
em( e
xpens
ive)
- J ail
s:over
crowdi
n g
2
.THE
ORI
ESOFPUNI
SHME
NT
Cases
SvTabet
he200
9
DPPvTabet
he201
1
(SCA)
2
.1. Ab
sol
ut
eorRe
tri
but
iv
eTh
eor
ie
s
• Pu
n i
shmenti
mp or
tan
t,en
dinit
sel
f
• Cr
imina
lsdeser
vepuni
shment
• Unde
rly
ingra
ti
onal
e:per
sonswhohav
ecaus
edh a
rms h
oul
dth
emsel
vess
uff
erh
arm
• Notmerel
yreve
nge:r
etr
ibu
ti
onmustbep
ropor
ti
onal
tohar
mcaus
ed
2
.1.
1.Ap
pea
seme
nto
fSo
cie
ty:
Rev
eng
e?
• Ol
destj
ust
if
icat
ionforpuni
shme nt
• POD:
p e
rsonwh ocausedharms ho
uldal
sosuf
fer NB:pr
opo
rti
ona
li
ty–p
uni
shme
ntmu
stf
itt
he
cr
ime Re as
on :
- a p
p e
ases o
ciety–p u
b l
i
cd emand
s
- So ci
et
ymu stpu n
ishtoprovec
ondemn,e
xpr
essr
evu
lsi
on
- Re st
oresoci
e t
yorder
• Di
sadvan
tages:cl
ai
mf o
rr e
vengeoCantheyex
pla
insi
tuat
io
nifvi
cti
md o
esnotde
sir
eve
ngean
ce?
o Sh oul
dv i
ct
imb econsul
te
dtod e
termi
newhatpuni
shmentofof
fen
derwoul
dsat
is
fyt
hei
rth
ir
st
f
orrevenge?
• Adva
ntages
:“ v
engeance”duet
op ubl
icde
ma n
doDe mandforre
vengei
ss a
ti
sf
ie
doPubli
cdonotl
ose
re
spectf
orthela
w
o Pe opl
ewilln
otviewita
sn ec
essar
ytoexac
tpri
vat
ereve
nge
2
.1.
2.At
one
men
tbyOf
fen
der
• I
nfl
uen
ceofch
urch:
pur
gin
gofo
ffe
nde
r’
sgu
il
t–r
est
ori
ngo
ffe
nde
rtoas
tat
eofmo
ral
goo
dne
ss
• Pay
sdebtt
osoci
et
y
4
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