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EUGIC: very brief summary
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Brief summary EUGICWeek 1: Course Immersion Week
• Reasons for establishing the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)
• WW2: 6 founding members (NL, BE, LUX, FRA, IT, GER) fear war, with production overlook this was less likely.
• Europe had to get back on its feet economically
• Since 2008, several crises: economic/ nancial crisis, refugee/migration crisis, populism, Brexit and covid => criticism on European
integration = technocratic governance & failing to deliver what it had promised
• Institutions of the EU: European Commission, European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court of Justice, ECB, European
Council
• Copenhagen criteria = criteria that countries that wish to join have to meet: working market economies, liberal democracies and acquis
communautaire.
• Sources of the Budget: custom duties/sugar levies, percentage of VAT in member states and 1% of GNI
• Wallace and Reh describe 5 types of policy making: classical community method, EU regulatory mode, EU distributional mode, policy
coordination mode and intensive transgovernmentalism
Week 2: Introduction and Historical Process of European Integration
• Pan-Europa Movement = during interbellum writers should strive for united states of Europe in order to prevent war
• D. Mitrany = “a working peace system” => functionalism, if states are interdependent, they won’t go to war.
• Treaty of Dunkirk 1947, UK and France cooperation against repeating Germany
• Treaty of Brussels = + Benelux countries
• 1949 — NATO on the basis of these treaties + USA
• Schuman Declaration = 1950, French foreign minister proposed plan to Germany production coal and steel in higher power.
• Paris Treaty 1951 establishing ECSC + Benelux (because war is in their territory) & Italy (revival from Mussolini) = 6
• EDC = European Defense Community = Korean War
• EPC = European Political Community => defense is useless without same political goal
• WEU = Western European Union, group of extra tied European countries for defense
• 1957, Treaty of Rome: establishing common market with EEC & Euratom
• 1959, EFTA with European countries against EEC + was looser and more intergovernmental
• Cold War brings dilemma for USA; Europe is split in 2… USA supports EEC for political goal. UK member of EEC? => Veto of De
Gaulle, UK will promote American interests
• OEEC task to economic development & Marshall Plan of USA among 17 “West European” countries.
• 1965, countries want to join EEC. Empty Chair Crisis: France stopped coming to Council because agricultural policy. Because of QMV
where bigger countries were in minority, they expected this would work against them only.
• Luxembourg Compromise 1966 => if country declares it is of vital national interest, vote will not take place in Council (veto right that
had not existed until then!)
• 1973 => enlargement, UK, Denmark and Ireland
• Structural Funds = assist economic less-developed member states
• Eurosclerosis = in 1970s because of international currency instability, oil crisis and in ation less enthusiasm about European
integration.
• Rebate = UK asks in 1981 for payments back because big wealthy countries pay too much for poorer agricultural funds
• Elysée Treaty = 1963, France and Germany bond = very close, in 2019 Aachen Treaty, the two countries may represent each other in
nancial meetings (very rare!)
• 1986 => Single Market Act —> established in 1992
• Germany was uni ed, which caused some fear, but chose clearly European side and NATO
• Maastricht Treaty 1993 established the European Union! Single Market + single currency (EMU) + security policy.
• EU after Maastricht would be characterized by di erentiation = semi-permanent di erentiation between member states in policy areas,
lacked uniformity. Always been the case, but given time to x this.
• Amsterdam Treaty 1997 furthers foreign and defense policy: some EU countries were neutral/couldn’t become members of NATO +
review the Union and revise in line with objectives. Integrationist vs. intergovernmentalists like UK.
• 2000 IGC => Amsterdam leftovers, enlargement was frightening + applying countries were transforming. Treaty of Nice = 2001 =>
QMV, yellow card procedure, each member state 1 commissioner. Future of Europe debate + constitutionalization.
• 2002 = introduction of the Euro
• Huge expansion with 10 countries in 2004 with the Copenhagen Criteria
• CT was amended, more focus on democracy and e ciency. However, Constitutional Treaty rejected by France and Netherlands
referendum. Rati cation crisis
• 2007 = Lisbon Treaty => amending treaty altered the CT to TEU and TFEU. Less constitutional language. Irish voters still against. Made
the Spitzenkandidaten procedure possible.
• Shows the democratic de cit the EU faced and still faces!
• Unanimity = emergency brakes!
• Deepening & widening integration => intensi cation of integration processes vs enlargement in terms of member states.
• Communitarization = When tasks or objectives are shifted from the responsibility of the member states to the responsibility of the
community.
• Petersbergs tasks = Humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping and crisis management including peacemaking.
Week 3: Theories of Integration and Institutions of the EU
• Theories of integration:
• Classic integration theories => both want to understand and explain the process of integration
• Neofunctionalism = more optimist = constructivism
• Driving force = non-state actors, like the ECJ, Commission, public opinion etc.
• Core features
• Spillover => cooperation in one policy area creates pressure in neighboring areas to also cooperate/integrate. 3 types:
Functional/technical => interdependencies between issue areas, Political => lobby for additional integration, Cultivated
=> entrepreneurial activities of supranational actors
• Important role of non-state actors
• Elitist approach => elite has loyalty towards EU and want it to succeed.
• Criticisms: slow pace of integration, nation-states are still important and too technical/funcitonalist & lacks understanding of
legitimacy
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