Exam (elaborations) ATI Pediatrics Proctored Exam
1. Parenting styles
-Dictatorial or authoritarian:
-Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through
unquestioned rules and expectations
-Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights
-Permissive:
...
ATI pediatrics proctored exam
Chapter 1: Family centered nursing care
1. Parenting styles -Dictatorial or authoritarian:
-Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations
-Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights
-Permissive:
-Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions
-Ex: The child assists with deciding whether he will watch television -Democratic or authoritative:
-Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason
for each rule setting -Ex: The child can watch television for 1 hr on school nights after completing all of his homework and chores
-Parents negatively reinforce deviations form the rules
-Ex: The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guidelines Chapter 2: Physical assessment findings
1. Vital signs -Usually vital signs are all high except for BP
-Temperature:
-3 – 6 months 99.5
-1 year 99.9
-3 year 99.0
-5 years 98.6
-7 years 98.2
-9 – 11 years 98.1
-13 years 97.9
-Pulse:
-Newborn 80 – 180/min
-1 weeks – 3 months 80 – 220/min
-3 months – 2 years 70 – 150/min
-2 – 10 years 60 – 110/min
-10 years and older 50 – 90/min
-Respirations:
-Newborn – 1year 30 – 35/min
-1 – 2 years 25 – 30/min
-2 – 6 years 21 – 25/min
-6 – 12 years 19 – 21/min
-12 years and older 16 – 19/min
ATI PEDIATRICS PROCTORED EXAM -Blood pressure: -Low as a baby but increases the older they get -Infants: -Systolic: 65-78
-Diastolic: 41-52
2. Head
-Fontanels should be flat
-Posterior fontanel: -Closes by 6-8 weeks
-Anterior fontanel:
-Closes by 12-18 months 3. Teeth
-Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old
-Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32 permanent teeth 4. Infant Reflexes
Stepping Birth to 4 weeks
Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months
Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months
Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months
Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months
Startle Reflex (Loud Noise) Birth to 4 months
Plantar Reflex Birth to 8 months
Babinski ReflexBirth to 1 year
Chapter 3: Health promotion of infants (2 days to 1 year)
1. Physical Development
-Weight: -Doubled by 5 months
-Tripled by 12 months -Quartered by 30 months -Height:
-2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
-Length:
-Increases by 50% by 12 months
-Dentition:
-First teeth erupt between 6-10 months
2. Motor skill development 1 Month
oHead lag
oStrong grasp reflex
2 Months
oLifts head when prone oHolds hand in open position | Grasp reflex fades
3 Months
oRaises head and shoulders when prone | Slight head lag
oNo grasp reflex | Keeps hands loosely open
4 Months
oRolls from back to side oGrasp objects with both hands
5 Months
oRolls from front to back
oPalmar grasp dominantly
6 Months
oRolls from back to front
oHolds bottle
7 Months
oBears full weight on feet | Sits, leaning forward on both hands
oMoves objects from hand to hand
8 Months
oSits unsupported
oPincer grasp
9 Months
oPulls to a standing position | Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling
oCrude pincer grasp | Dominant hand is evident
10 Months
oProne to sitting position
oGrasps rattle by its handle
11 Months
oWalks while holding onto something | Walks with one hand held
oPlaces objects into a container | Neat pincer grasp
12 Months
oStands without support briefly | Sits from standing position without assistance
oTries to build a two-block tower w/o success | Can turn pages in a book
3. Cognitive development
-Piaget: sensorimotor (birth to 24 months)
-Object Permanence: objects still exists when it is out of view
-Occurs at 9-10 months
4. Language development
-3-5 words by the age of 1 year
5. Psychosocial development
-Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust:
- Learn delayed gratification
-Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, simulation, and caring needs
-Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by the infant 6. Social development
-Separation Anxiety: protest when separated from parents
-Begins around 4-8 months
-Stranger Fear: ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
-Begins 6-8 months
7. Age appropriate activities
-Rattles
-Playing pat-a cake -Brightly colored toys
-Playing with blocks 8. Nutrition
-Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months
-Solids are introduced around 4-6 months
-Iron-fortified cereal is the first to be introduced
-New foods should be introduced one at a time, over a 5-7 day period to observe for allergy reactions -Juice and water usually not needed for 1st year
-Appropriate finger foods:
-Ripe bananas
-Toast strips
-Graham crackers
-Cheese cubes
-Noodles
-Firmly cooked vegetables
-Raw pieces of fruit (except grapes)
9. Injury prevention
-Avoid small objects (grapes, coins, and candy)
-Handles of pots and pans should be kept turned to the back of the stove
-Sunscreen should be used when infants are exposed to the sun
-Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until age 2 -Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 months
-Pillows should be kept out of the crib
-Infants should be placed on their backs for sleep Chapter 4: Health Promotion of Toddlers (1 to 3 years)
1. Physical development
-Weight:
-30 months: 4 times the birth weight
-Height:
-Toddlers grow 7.5 cm (3 in) per year
-Head circumference and chest circumference:
-Usually equal by 1 to 2 years of age
2. Cognitive development -Piaget: sensorimotor stage transitions to preoperational stage 19 – 24 months
-Object Permanence : fully developed
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