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2 H1-CHEMISCHE BINDING 3 H2-AGGREGATIE TOESTANDEN 4 H3-CHEMISCHE REACTIES 5 H4-ZB REACTIES 6 H5-REDOXREACTIES 7 H6-NEERSLAGREACTIES EN COMPLEXATIES 8 H7-POLYMEREN
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SCHEIKUNDE,1 CHEMISCHE BINDING .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Samenstelling van een atoom ................................................................................................................ 6
Opbouw en grootheden ................................................................................................................................. 6
Atomen en isotopen ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Mol en atomaire massa eenheid .................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Elektronenstructuur van atomen........................................................................................................... 8
Elektromagnetische golven ............................................................................................................................ 9
Massa van een foton en golflengte van een elektron .................................................................................... 9
Golffuncties en golfvergelijkingen ................................................................................................................ 10
De Schrödinger vergelijking .......................................................................................................................... 10
Randvoorwaarden ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Kwantumgetallen.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Elektronconfiguratie van één elektron-systemen ........................................................................................ 14
Elektronenconfiguratie van meer-elektron-systemen.................................................................................. 14
1.4 Het periodiek systeem ......................................................................................................................... 16
Periodieke eigenschappen: atoomstraal...................................................................................................... 17
Periodieke eigenschappen: 1ste ionisatie-energie/ ionisatiepotentiaal I1 ................................................... 19
Periodieke eigenschappen: elektronenaffiniteit (EA) .................................................................................. 20
Periodieke eigenschappen: elektronegativiteit (𝝌) ..................................................................................... 21
1.5 De chemische binding: algemeen ........................................................................................................ 22
Kristalroosters algemeen .............................................................................................................................. 24
Vorming en stabiliteit van elementaire ionen .............................................................................................. 24
Grootte van elementaire ionen .................................................................................................................... 25
1.6 De chemische binding: ionische binding .............................................................................................. 26
Ionische bindingen tussen 2 ionen ............................................................................................................... 26
Binaire ionische roosters en de roosterenergie ........................................................................................... 27
Structuur van binaire ionische roosters........................................................................................................ 27
Eigenschappen ionische roosters ................................................................................................................. 29
1.7 De chemische binding: metaalbinding ................................................................................................. 30
Drude-model v/d metallische binding .......................................................................................................... 30
Dichtste bolstapeling .................................................................................................................................... 30
Dichtheid (toepassing op koper Cu) ............................................................................................................. 31
Sterkte van metaalbindingen ....................................................................................................................... 32
1.8 De chemische binding: covalente binding ........................................................................................... 32
Valentiebindingstheorie: principes .............................................................................................................. 33
Valentiebindingstheorie: hybridisatie .......................................................................................................... 35
Valentiebindingstheorie: koolstofverbindingen .......................................................................................... 38
, Valentiebindingstheorie: mesomerie en resonanties .................................................................................. 40
Moleculaire orbitaaltheorie.......................................................................................................................... 41
Moleculaire orbitaaltheorie: homonucleaire diatomaire moleculen .......................................................... 42
Moleculaire orbitaaltheorie: poly-atomaire systemen................................................................................ 46
Moleculaire orbitaaltheorie: principe van kleur .......................................................................................... 47
Moleculaire orbitaaltheorie: metaalbindingen ............................................................................................ 48
2 AGGREGATIETOESTANDEN ................................................................................................................... 49
2.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Aggregatietoestanden .................................................................................................................................. 49
2.2 Gassen.................................................................................................................................................. 50
Gasdruk p...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Gasvolume V ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Gaswetten .................................................................................................................................................... 50
Gasmengsels ................................................................................................................................................. 52
2.3 Vloeistoffen.......................................................................................................................................... 52
Polaire en apolaire moleculen ...................................................................................................................... 53
Soorten secundaire interacties ..................................................................................................................... 54
Oppervlaktespanning [N/m of Pa*m] ........................................................................................................... 55
Oplosbaarheid .............................................................................................................................................. 56
2.4 Vaste stoffen ........................................................................................................................................ 57
Kristallijne vaste stoffen ............................................................................................................................... 57
Amorfe vaste stoffen .................................................................................................................................... 58
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................................. 59
2.5 Vloeibare kristallen/ mesofase ............................................................................................................ 59
2.6 Colloïdale systemen ............................................................................................................................. 60
Colloïdale suspensies .................................................................................................................................... 61
Colloïdale emulsies ....................................................................................................................................... 62
2.7 Atmosferische problematieken ........................................................................................................... 62
3 CHEMISCHE REACTIES ........................................................................................................................... 65
3.1 De vergelijking van een chemische reactie .......................................................................................... 65
3.2 Verband tussen atomaire processen en macroscopische reacties ...................................................... 66
Principes ....................................................................................................................................................... 66
Reactie enthalpie ∆H° [J/mol]....................................................................................................................... 68
Reactie entropie ∆S° [J/K] ............................................................................................................................. 70
De hoofdwetten van de thermodynamica ................................................................................................... 70
Mengentropie en chemisch evenwicht ........................................................................................................ 71
3.3 Evenwichtsberekeningen ..................................................................................................................... 72
, 3.4 Factoren die het chemisch evenwicht beïnvloeden ............................................................................ 74
Invloed van de temperatuur ......................................................................................................................... 75
Invloed van de druk ...................................................................................................................................... 76
Invloed van de concentratie ......................................................................................................................... 77
4 ZUUR-BASE REACTIES ........................................................................................................................... 80
4.1 Protontransferreacties ......................................................................................................................... 80
4.2 Zuurtegraad waterige oplossingen ...................................................................................................... 80
pH en pOH .................................................................................................................................................... 81
Invloed van de temperatuur ......................................................................................................................... 82
4.3 Sterkte van zuren en basen.................................................................................................................. 82
4.4 Enkelvoudige zuren .............................................................................................................................. 84
4.5 Enkelvoudige basen ............................................................................................................................. 87
4.6 Zouten .................................................................................................................................................. 88
4.7 Titraties ................................................................................................................................................ 89
4.8 Buffers.................................................................................................................................................. 94
4.9 Polyprotische zuren ............................................................................................................................. 98
4.10 Indicatoren ........................................................................................................................................... 99
4.11 Belangrijkste anorganische zuren en basen....................................................................................... 100
Belangrijke zuren ........................................................................................................................................ 101
belangrijke basen........................................................................................................................................ 103
5 REDOXREACTIES ................................................................................................................................. 105
6 NEERSLAGREACTIES EN COMPLEXATIES .............................................................................................. 107
7 POLYMEREN ....................................................................................................................................... 117
7.1 Chemische structuur .......................................................................................................................... 117
Condensatiepolymeren .............................................................................................................................. 117
Additiepolymeren ....................................................................................................................................... 118
7.2 Polymerisatiemechanisme ................................................................................................................. 119
Stapgroei-polymerisatie ............................................................................................................................. 119
Ketengroei-polymerisatie ........................................................................................................................... 119
Gemiddelde molaire massa’s...................................................................................................................... 119
7.3 Polymerisatiereacties......................................................................................................................... 120
Polycondensatie reacties ............................................................................................................................ 120
Polyadditie reacties .................................................................................................................................... 120
7.4 Fysische eigenschappen ..................................................................................................................... 125
Polymeergebruik ........................................................................................................................................ 125
7.5 Thermoplastische polymeren ............................................................................................................ 126
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